How TPP⁺ uses membrane potential, how MitoQ and SkQ1 differ, and why dose-dependent prooxidant effects matter. Cardiolipin, alternative carriers, vascular and ocular trials, pharmacokinetics and proposed combinations.
Telomere protection, DDR and p53–PGC connect genome status with mitochondrial energy. Shelterin, BER, mouse experiments, telomere disorders and the limits of intervention claims.
How SIRT3 uses NAD⁺ to remove acetyl marks and regulate LCAD, ACSS1, HMGCS2, IDH2 and SOD2. Structure, import, respiration, mPTP, deficiency models and the limits of clinical claims about supplements and exercise.
Fusion and fission mechanochemistry, ER contacts, DRP1 regulation and PINK1–Parkin; inherited disorders and limits of preclinical interventions.
How MCU, MICU and EMRE admit Ca²⁺ from ER microdomains, support dehydrogenases and interact with NCLX. Structures, equations, overload and limits of pharmacological and nutritional inference.
MnSOD structure, matrix import, catalysis and coupling to peroxidases. Nitric-oxide competition, SIRT3 regulation, rs4880, deficiency models and clinical limits of interventions targeting SOD2.
From the microbial ellagitannin cascade to ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy and human trials: primary outcomes, secondary signals, pharmacokinetics, and urolithin A safety.
From berry composition and lignan stereochemistry to chaperones, mitochondrial glutathione, Nrf2, and neuroendocrine hypotheses: human research, standardization, and drug interactions.
H₂ biophysics, Henry's law, competition in radical reactions, Nrf2/Keap1, inflammatory and mitochondrial pathways, and early clinical trials including the negative primary endpoint of HYBRID II.
The MB⁺/LMB mechanism, alternative electron transfer and limits of respiration measurements; tau, memory and vasoplegia studies distinguished from preclinical evidence, with MAO-A, G6PD and pharmacokinetic analysis.
From a bacterial quinone cofactor and cellular mitochondrial biogenesis to cardiac and brain models, small human studies, and toxicological limits.
A detailed account of reversible AChE inhibition, pharmacokinetics, NMDA, mitochondria, Nrf2 and APP. Dementia trials are distinguished from cell and animal findings, with safety, interactions and practical assessment of memory complaints.
