Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
A structured course for professionals, covering chemical foundations and cellular organization through metabolism, physiology, and the interpretation of scientific data. Start with the first section, or use the syllabus to find a module or a specific lesson. Materials become available as they are published.
- Section
- 16
- Module
- 227
- Lesson
- 2469
NutriFit Editorial TeamCurriculum updated: © 2026 NutriFit
Course curriculum
Lessons found: 2469
Section 5. Microbiology, parasitology, mycology, virology, and infection safety
Module 77. Microorganisms and the infectious process
- Lesson 819.Microbial taxonomy and modern microbiological nomenclatureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 820.Cellular microorganisms, viruses, and other noncellular infectious agentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 821.Microbial ecological niches and interactions within microbial communitiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 822.Commensalism, symbiosis, opportunistic pathogenicity, and pathogenicityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 823.Colonization, contamination, carrier states, and infectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 824.Portals of entry, transmission routes, and spread of infection within the bodyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 825.Pathogenicity, virulence, and factors mediating interactions with the hostAvailable after publication
- Lesson 826.Barrier functions, immune responses, and susceptibility to infectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 827.Acute, chronic, latent, and recurrent infectious processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 828.Biofilms and distinctive features of medical device-associated infectionsAvailable after publication
Module 78. Medical bacteriology
- Lesson 829.Bacterial cell structure and diagnostically relevant morphological featuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 830.The cell wall, membranes, capsules, and other surface structuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 831.Bacterial metabolism and physiological diversityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 832.Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 833.Aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic microorganismsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 834.Cocci, bacilli, curved and spiral forms, and bacteria with distinctive propertiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 835.Morphological, culture-based, and biochemical identificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 836.Mass spectrometric and molecular identification of bacteriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 837.Microbial quantity and the clinical significance of a findingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 838.Mixed cultures, contamination, and identification errorsAvailable after publication
Module 79. Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance
- Lesson 839.Antimicrobial drug targets and major classes of mechanisms of actionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 840.Intrinsic and acquired microbial resistanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 841.Enzymatic inactivation, target modification, altered permeability, and effluxAvailable after publication
- Lesson 842.Phenotypic and genotypic methods for detecting resistanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 843.Minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility categoriesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 844.Clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff valuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 845.Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic foundations of susceptibility interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 846.EUCAST and CLSI standards: purposes and differences between interpretive systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 847.Mixed populations, heteroresistance, and testing limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 848.Comparing detected genes with phenotypic susceptibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 849.Quality control in antimicrobial susceptibility testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 850.Epidemiological surveillance of resistance and rational antibiotic useAvailable after publication
Module 80. Medical virology
- Lesson 851.Viral structure, genome types, and classification principlesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 852.Enveloped and nonenveloped virusesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 853.Major stages of virus–cell interactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 854.Tropism, cytopathic changes, and immune mechanisms of injuryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 855.Acute infection, persistence, latency, and reactivationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 856.Viral antigens and direct detection of viral materialAvailable after publication
- Lesson 857.Seroconversion, antibody classes, and the diagnostic windowAvailable after publication
- Lesson 858.Viral load, quantification, and changes over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 859.Nucleic acid detection and assessment of infectivityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 860.Biological foundations of vaccination and antiviral therapyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 861.Viral coinfections and considerations for testing in immunodeficiencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 862.Prions and distinctive features of prion disease diagnosisAvailable after publication
Module 81. Medical mycology
- Lesson 863.Fungal cell structure and fungal life formsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 864.Yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungiAvailable after publication
- Lesson 865.Dermatophytes and superficial mycosesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 866.Subcutaneous, systemic, and endemic mycosesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 867.Opportunistic and invasive fungal infectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 868.Fungal colonization, contamination, and clinically significant infectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 869.Microscopy, culture-based identification, and molecular testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 870.Galactomannan, β-D-glucan, and other fungal antigensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 871.Serological diagnosis of mycoses and limitations of the immune responseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 872.Antifungal susceptibility and resistance mechanismsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 873.Sample quality and causes of discordant mycological resultsAvailable after publication
Module 82. Medical protozoology
- Lesson 874.Protozoa: structure, classification, and life cyclesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 875.Intestinal protozoa and mechanisms of intestinal dysfunctionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 876.Giardia, amoebae, and coccidia: diagnostically relevant featuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 877.Blood and tissue protozoal infectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 878.Malaria parasites and foundations of blood test interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 879.Toxoplasma and distinctive features of serological diagnosisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 880.Trypanosomes and Leishmania: linking diagnosis to the epidemiological contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 881.Microscopic, antigen-based, and molecular methods for protozoal testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 882.Active infection, past infection, and asymptomatic findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 883.Infection stage, immune status, and limitations of negative resultsAvailable after publication
Module 83. Helminthology and medical entomology
- Lesson 884.Nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes: comparative characteristicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 885.Definitive, intermediate, and reservoir hostsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 886.Intestinal and tissue helminth infectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 887.Eggs, larvae, and adult forms: diagnostic significanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 888.Intermittent shedding of parasitic material and test sensitivityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 889.Microscopy, antigen testing, serology, and molecular testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 890.Eosinophilia, IgE, and limitations of indirect evidence of parasitic infectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 891.Parasitic arthropods and medically important vectorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 892.Geography, travel, dietary exposures, and occupational exposuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 893.Morphological artifacts and false identification of parasitesAvailable after publication
Module 84. General principles of laboratory diagnosis of infections
- Lesson 894.Clinical syndromes, infection sites, and specimen selectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 895.Direct pathogen detection and indirect assessment of the immune responseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 896.Timing of testing relative to infection, symptoms, and treatmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 897.The diagnostic window, seroconversion, avidity, and paired resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 898.Culture results, antigens, antibodies, and amplification testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 899.Qualitative and quantitative measurement of infection markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 900.Multiplex panels and interpretation of multiple detected agentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 901.Colonization and contamination as causes of positive resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 902.Negative results despite persistent clinical suspicionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 903.Effects of antimicrobial therapy and immunodeficiency on resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 904.Confirmatory testing and causes of discrepancies between methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 905.Quality control and preparation of microbiological reportsAvailable after publication
Module 85. Laboratory biosafety
- Lesson 906.Biological, chemical, physical, and ergonomic hazardsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 907.Biosafety and biosecurity: objectives and areas of responsibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 908.Risk assessment before working with biological materialAvailable after publication
- Lesson 909.Routes of occupational exposure and establishment of protective barriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 910.Personal protective equipment and engineering controlsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 911.Biological safety cabinets, fume hoods, and clean work areasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 912.Cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and principles of decontaminationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 913.Handling sharps and laboratory wasteAvailable after publication
- Lesson 914.Occupational exposures, incidents, and event reportingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 915.Transport of biological materials: risk categories and regulatory requirementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 916.Staff training, competency assessment, and safety cultureAvailable after publication
Module 86. Organizational response to suspected highly dangerous infections
- Lesson 917.Clinical and epidemiological grounds for suspicionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 918.Highly dangerous infections and national epidemiological surveillance systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 919.Healthcare professional authority and limits of initial assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 920.Patient isolation and referral pathways as organizational measuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 921.Notification of responsible personnel and authorized servicesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 922.Coordination between clinics, laboratories, and public health authoritiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 923.Restrictions on handling suspected infectious specimens and referral to authorized institutionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 924.Staff protection and recording of potential contactsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 925.Event documentation and preservation of traceabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 926.Local response plans, training scenarios, and continuity of laboratory servicesAvailable after publication
Section 6. Laboratory equipment, measurement principles, and research technologies
Module 87. Laboratory infrastructure and supporting equipment
- Lesson 927.Functional laboratory zones and sample workflowsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 928.Laboratory materials, consumables, and properties of contact surfacesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 929.Laboratory water requirements and purification systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 930.pH meters, conductivity meters, and monitoring of solution propertiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 931.Temperature-controlled chambers, water baths, and temperature control equipmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 932.Incubators and controlled gas environmentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 933.Refrigerators, freezers, and cryogenic equipmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 934.Sterilization equipment and principles of performance monitoringAvailable after publication
- Lesson 935.Ventilation, fume hoods, and biological safety cabinetsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 936.Environmental sensors, parameter recording, and alert systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 937.Equipment qualification, maintenance, and operational limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 88. Liquid handling, weighing, and physical sample separation
- Lesson 938.Analytical balances, sensitivity, and sources of weighing errorAvailable after publication
- Lesson 939.Gravimetry and relationships between mass, volume, and densityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 940.Air-displacement and positive-displacement pipettesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 941.Automated liquid handling stations and microplate handling systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 942.Viscosity, volatility, and surface tension as factors in liquid handlingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 943.Centrifugation: sedimentation, relative centrifugal force, and component separationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 944.Rotors, centrifuges, and ultracentrifugesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 945.Filtration, membranes, ultrafiltration, and dialysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 946.Homogenizers, mixing devices, and sample disruption equipmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 947.Analyte loss, adsorption, and contamination during sample preparationAvailable after publication
Module 89. Light and electron microscopy
- Lesson 948.Magnification, resolving power, and numerical apertureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 949.Contrast, optical aberrations, and image artifactsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 950.Bright-field and dark-field microscopyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 951.Phase-contrast and differential interference contrast microscopyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 952.Polarized light microscopyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 953.Fluorescence microscopy and fluorophore propertiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 954.Confocal microscopy and optical sectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 955.Super-resolution microscopy: principles and limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 956.Transmission and scanning electron microscopyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 957.Quantitative microscopy, image calibration, and photodamageAvailable after publication
Module 90. Cytology, histology, and digital morphology
- Lesson 958.Cytological, histological, and cytogenetic approachesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 959.Smears, imprints, cell blocks, and tissue sectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 960.Fixation and preservation of morphology and molecular targetsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 961.Microtomes, cryostats, and equipment for specimen preparationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 962.Routine and special stains: biochemical principlesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 963.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 964.In situ hybridization in morphological examinationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 965.Preparation, staining, and storage artifactsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 966.Slide scanners, digital pathology, and quantitative image analysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 967.Comparing morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular resultsAvailable after publication
Module 91. Optical and enzymatic measurements
- Lesson 968.Analytical signals, background, noise, and dynamic rangeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 969.Photometry, spectrophotometry, and the Beer–Lambert lawAvailable after publication
- Lesson 970.Absorbance, optical path length, and calibration relationshipsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 971.Nephelometry and turbidimetryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 972.Fluorimetry and fluorescent labelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 973.Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 974.Reflectometry and dry chemistryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 975.End-point enzymatic methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 976.Kinetic methods and measurement of enzyme activityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 977.Multiwavelength measurements, spectral interference, and background correctionAvailable after publication
Module 92. Electrochemical methods and biosensors
- Lesson 978.Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 979.Direct and indirect potentiometryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 980.Amperometry and electrochemical determination of metabolitesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 981.Impedance methods and cell countingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 982.Conductometry and measurement of electrical conductivityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 983.Freezing-point and vapor-pressure osmometryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 984.The recognition element, transducer, and biosensor signalAvailable after publication
- Lesson 985.Enzyme, immunological, and nucleic acid biosensorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 986.Microfluidics and miniaturization of measurement systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 987.Calibration, drift, sensing surface fouling, and sensor service lifeAvailable after publication
Module 93. Chromatography and physicochemical sample preparation
- Lesson 988.Partitioning, adsorption, ion exchange, and affinity as separation mechanismsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 989.Liquid, gas, and thin-layer chromatographyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 990.High-performance and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 991.Reversed-phase, ion-exchange, and hydrophilic interaction chromatographyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 992.Size-exclusion and affinity chromatographyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 993.Chromatographic columns, pumps, injectors, and detectorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 994.Retention time, selectivity, and peak resolutionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 995.Liquid–liquid and solid-phase extractionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 996.Analyte derivatization and chemical stability of derivativesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 997.Sample matrix, extraction recovery, system contamination, and sample carryoverAvailable after publication
Module 94. Electrophoresis and separation of protein components
- Lesson 998.Electric fields, charge, and biomolecular mobilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 999.Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1000.Native and denaturing protein separationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1001.Capillary electrophoresisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1002.Isoelectric focusingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1003.Two-dimensional electrophoresis and separation of complex mixturesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1004.Electrophoresis of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1005.Immunofixation and confirmation of protein fraction compositionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1006.Densitometry, quantification, and separation artifactsAvailable after publication
Module 95. Mass spectrometry
- Lesson 1007.Mass, charge, isotopic composition, and the mass-to-charge ratioAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1008.Electrospray, chemical ionization, and MALDIAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1009.Quadrupole, time-of-flight, and high-resolution mass analyzersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1010.Tandem mass spectrometry and molecular fragmentationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1011.Scanning modes and monitoring of selected ion transitionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1012.Gas chromatography–mass spectrometryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1013.Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1014.MALDI-TOF in microbial identificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1015.Resolution, mass accuracy, and isobaric compoundsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1016.Internal standards, stable isotope labels, and quantificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1017.Ion suppression and enhancement, adducts, and matrix effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1018.Spectral libraries, identity confirmation, and limitations of automated annotationsAvailable after publication
Module 96. Structural and elemental analytical methods
- Lesson 1019.Nuclear magnetic resonance and the magnetic properties of nucleiAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1020.Chemical shifts, spin interactions, and molecular structureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1021.One-dimensional and multidimensional NMR spectraAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1022.Quantitative NMR and assessment of complex biological mixturesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1023.Infrared and Raman spectroscopyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1024.Atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1025.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: ICP-MSAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1026.Elemental composition, chemical species of elements, and spectral interferenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1027.X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy: purposes and limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 97. Immunoanalytical methods
- Lesson 1028.Antigen–antibody interactions, affinity, avidity, and analytical selectivityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1029.Competitive and noncompetitive immunoassay formatsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1030.Homogeneous and heterogeneous immunoassaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1031.ELISA and luminescence-based immunoassaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1032.Immunoblotting and confirmatory testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1033.Rapid immunochromatographic testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1034.Multiplex immunoassay panels and bead-based assaysAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1035.Nonlinear calibration relationships and concentration estimationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1036.Heterophile antibodies, autoantibodies, and macroforms of analytesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1037.Biotin interference, cross-reactivity, and the high-dose hook effectAvailable after publication
Module 98. Flow cytometry and cell sorting
- Lesson 1038.Fluidics, optics, electronics, and event generationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1039.Forward and side light scatterAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1040.Fluorophores, spectral overlap, and compensationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1041.Cell population markers and principles of antibody panel designAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1042.Exclusion of nonviable cells, doublets, and technical artifactsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1043.Cell population gating strategies and plot interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1044.Absolute and relative cell countingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1045.Instrument quality control and comparability between runsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1046.Cell sorting and the distinction between analytical and preparative approachesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1047.Spectral cytometry and mass cytometryAvailable after publication
Module 99. Nucleic acid preparation and assessment
- Lesson 1048.DNA and RNA from various biological materialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1049.General principles of nucleic acid extraction and purificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1050.Circulating cell-free nucleic acids and low-input samplesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1051.Assessment of concentration, purity, and integrityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1052.Spectrophotometric, fluorimetric, and electrophoretic assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1053.Degradation, inhibitors, and contaminationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1054.Hybridization, probes, and detection specificityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1055.Automated sample preparation and reproducibility controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1056.Organization of a molecular laboratory and prevention of material carryoverAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1057.Nucleic acid suitability for different downstream measurementsAvailable after publication
Module 100. PCR and other amplification methods
- Lesson 1058.The polymerase chain reaction and functions of its componentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1059.Thermal cyclers and methods for detecting amplification productsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1060.Reverse transcription PCRAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1061.Real-time PCR and the quantification cycle, CqAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1062.Dyes and specific probes as detection systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1063.Absolute and relative quantificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1064.Amplification efficiency and calibration relationshipsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1065.Digital PCR and statistical principles of quantificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1066.Isothermal amplification methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1067.Positive, negative, and internal controlsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1068.Inhibition, contamination, and causes of false resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1069.MIQE, result reporting, and limitations of comparing Cq across methodsAvailable after publication
Module 101. Sequencers and genomic measurement platforms
- Lesson 1070.Sanger sequencing and capillary systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1071.High-throughput sequencing and sequence detectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1072.Short and long readsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1073.Principles of library preparation and sample multiplexingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1074.Gene panels, exome sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing as testing formatsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1075.DNA microarrays and chromosomal microarray analysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1076.Coverage, read depth, and sequence qualityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1077.Limitations in detecting structural variants and copy number variationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1078.Platform errors, batch effects, and sample mix-upsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1079.Comparability of results across technological platformsAvailable after publication
Module 102. Automated analyzers and laboratory robotics
- Lesson 1080.Clinical chemistry analyzers and the reaction and measurement systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1081.Hematology analyzers and principles of cell countingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1082.Coagulation analyzers and methods for detecting clot formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1083.Immunoassay analyzers and analytical platformsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1084.Blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolite analyzersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1085.Automated analysis of urine and other biological fluidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1086.Automated microbiological systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1087.Preanalytical automation lines, robotics, and sample transportAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1088.Throughput, urgent testing, and sample queue managementAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1089.Instrument connectivity with the laboratory information systemAvailable after publication
Module 103. Point-of-care testing and remote monitoring
- Lesson 1090.POCT: clinical applications and instrument typesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1091.Laboratory, bedside, and home measurementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1092.Cartridge-based systems, rapid tests, and miniature analyzersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1093.Glucose meters and electrochemical glucose sensorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1094.Continuous glucose monitoring and measurements in interstitial fluidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1095.INR monitoring devices and rapid testing of critical parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1096.Comparability of POCT with the central laboratoryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1097.Quality control, user training, and patient identificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1098.Interference, environmental conditions, and limitations of self-testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1099.Data transmission, timestamps, and assessment of the reliability of home measurementsAvailable after publication
Section 7. Quality, metrology, and reliability of laboratory testing
Module 104. Biostatistics of laboratory measurements
- Lesson 1100.Data types, measurement scales, and observation structureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1101.Mean, median, mode, and quantilesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1102.Variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1103.Normal, lognormal, and other distributionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1104.Samples, confidence intervals, and statistical uncertaintyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1105.Probability, conditional probability, and Bayes’ theoremAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1106.Hypothesis testing and type I and type II errorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1107.Effect size, statistical power, and sample sizeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1108.Parametric, nonparametric, and robust analytical methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1109.Correlation, regression, and confounding factorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1110.Paired, independent, and repeated measurementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1111.Outliers, missing data, multiple comparisons, and false discoveriesAvailable after publication
Module 105. The preanalytical phase and specimen selection
- Lesson 1112.The clinical question, test request, and justification for testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1113.Patient identification and specimen labelingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1114.Whole blood, serum, plasma, and matrix characteristicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1115.Venous, capillary, and arterial bloodAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1116.Spot, morning, and 24-hour urineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1117.Feces, saliva, swabs, tissues, and other biological specimensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1118.Containers, anticoagulants, and preservativesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1119.Diet, exercise, stress, and body positionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1120.Time of day, the menstrual cycle, and physiological statesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1121.Medications, supplements, and timing relative to prior exposuresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1122.Transport, temperature, stability, and storageAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1123.Sample suitability criteria and recording of preanalytical nonconformitiesAvailable after publication
Module 106. Preanalytical and analytical artifacts
- Lesson 1124.In vitro hemolysis and intravascular hemolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1125.Lipemia, icterus, and sample quality indicesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1126.Clots, microclots, and incorrect specimen-to-additive ratiosAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1127.Contamination with infusion solutions and collection tube additivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1128.Delayed cell separation and ongoing metabolism in the sampleAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1129.Evaporation, adsorption, proteolysis, and loss of volatile compoundsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1130.Repeated freezing and thawingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1131.Biotin, heterophile antibodies, and autoantibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1132.Macroforms of analytes and the high-dose hook effectAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1133.Drug-related and method-dependent interferenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1134.Pseudohyperkalemia, pseudohyponatremia, and pseudocytopeniasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1135.Recognizing incompatible result combinations and confirming unexpected resultsAvailable after publication
Module 107. Metrology of laboratory measurements
- Lesson 1136.The analyte, measurand, and measurement resultAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1137.Mass, molar, and catalytic concentrationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1138.Calibrators, quality control materials, and reference materialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1139.Primary and secondary reference materialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1140.Reference measurement procedures and the calibration hierarchyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1141.Metrological traceability to units and reference materialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1142.Commutability and matrix differences in quality control materialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1143.Random error and systematic biasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1144.Measurement uncertainty and its major componentsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1145.Propagation of uncertainty in calculated parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1146.Standardization, harmonization, and comparability between methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1147.Result traceability when changing methods, instruments, or laboratoriesAvailable after publication
Module 108. Analytical performance characteristics of laboratory methods
- Lesson 1148.Precision: repeatability, intermediate precision, and reproducibilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1149.Trueness, systematic bias, and accuracyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1150.Analytical sensitivity and calibration characteristicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1151.Limit of blank, limit of detection, and limit of quantificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1152.Analytical specificity, selectivity, and cross-reactivityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1153.Linearity, working range, and reportable rangeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1154.Recovery, matrix effects, and internal standardsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1155.Sample carryover and contamination of the measurement systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1156.Analyte stability and method robustness to variations in conditionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1157.Heteroscedasticity and concentration-dependent errorAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1158.Analytical quality specifications and acceptance criteriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1159.Differences between analytical and diagnostic test performance characteristicsAvailable after publication
Module 109. Method validation, verification, and comparison
- Lesson 1160.The intended use of testing and claimed method performanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1161.Validation of a new method and verification of a system being introducedAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1162.The evaluation plan, comparison samples, and predefined criteriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1163.Assessment of precision and bias across different rangesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1164.Assessment of linearity, detection, and quantificationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1165.Studies of interference, stability, and sample carryoverAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1166.Method comparison and limitations of the correlation coefficientAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1167.Bland–Altman plots and agreement analysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1168.Deming and Passing–Bablok regressionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1169.Qualitative tests, borderline results, and categorical agreementAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1170.Verification of calculated parameters, software, and method changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1171.Documentation of evaluation and decisions on method suitabilityAvailable after publication
Module 110. Internal laboratory quality control
- Lesson 1172.Analytical runs and objectives of internal quality controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1173.Quality control materials, independence, and concentration levelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1174.Establishing control limits and target valuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1175.Levey–Jennings chartsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1176.Westgard control rules and statistical decision-makingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1177.Random errors, systematic shifts, and driftAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1178.Probabilities of error detection and false rejection of a runAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1179.Risk-based planning of quality control frequencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1180.Patient-based quality controlAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1181.Changes in reagent, calibrator, and quality control material lotsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1182.Investigation of nonconformities and assessment of affected resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1183.Corrective actions and confirmation of restored stabilityAvailable after publication
Module 111. External quality assessment and harmonization
- Lesson 1184.Interlaboratory comparisons and external quality assessment programsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1185.Target values, reference procedures, and consensus estimatesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1186.Peer groups defined by method and analytical platformAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1187.Commutability of external quality assessment samplesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1188.z-Scores, relative deviations, and acceptance criteriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1189.Assessment of qualitative, quantitative, and morphological examinationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1190.Interpretation of unsatisfactory and borderline resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1191.Identifying method-related biases and problems in individual laboratoriesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1192.Comparability of instruments and sites within a laboratory networkAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1193.Harmonization of units, terminology, and result presentationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1194.Complementarity and limitations of internal and external quality controlAvailable after publication
Module 112. Biological variation and longitudinal assessment
- Lesson 1195.Preanalytical, analytical, and biological components of variationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1196.Within-subject and between-subject variationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1197.The individual homeostatic set pointAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1198.The index of individuality and limitations of population reference valuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1199.Daily, seasonal, and other biological rhythmsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1200.Age, sex, pregnancy, and characteristics of physiological statesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1201.The reference change value: RCVAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1202.Asymmetric distributions and one-sided assessments of changeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1203.Regression to the mean and random fluctuations over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1204.Statistically and clinically significant changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1205.Biological variation as a basis for quality specificationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1206.The EFLM database and critical appraisal of biological variation studiesAvailable after publication
Module 113. Reference intervals and clinical decision limits
- Lesson 1207.The reference individual, population, and intervalAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1208.Direct and indirect approaches to establishing intervalsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1209.Inclusion and exclusion criteria and population characteristicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1210.Parametric, nonparametric, and robust calculation methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1211.Outliers and assessment of statistical model assumptionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1212.Sample size adequacy and confidence intervals for interval limitsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1213.Partitioning intervals by age, sex, and physiological stateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1214.Continuous age-related reference modelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1215.Transfer and verification of reference intervalsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1216.Reference intervals, diagnostic thresholds, and therapeutic rangesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1217.Personalized reference approachesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1218.Updating reference values following changes in methods and populationsAvailable after publication
Module 114. The postanalytical phase and result reporting
- Lesson 1219.Analytical review and medical assessment of resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1220.Autoverification and criteria for manual reviewAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1221.Delta checks and assessment of changes over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1222.Consistency of results within panels and across different testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1223.Critical results and organizational requirements for their communicationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1224.Test turnaround times and timeliness indicatorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1225.Report structure, units, matrix, method, and reference dataAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1226.Results below the limit of quantification or outside the working rangeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1227.Comments, testing limitations, and confidence in conclusionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1228.Additional and reflex testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1229.Corrected reports, user notification, and traceability of changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1230.Postanalytical errors and assessment of consequences for patientsAvailable after publication
Module 115. Quality systems and good practices
- Lesson 1231.The laboratory process model and quality management systemAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1232.ISO 15189: quality and competence of medical laboratoriesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1233.ISO/IEC 17025 and general requirements for testing laboratoriesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1234.OECD GLP and quality in nonclinical safety studiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1235.GCP and the laboratory component of clinical trialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1236.GMP and quality in biological product manufacturingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1237.Diagnostic devices, research reagents, and the scope of intended useAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1238.Staff competence, training, and qualification assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1239.Management of documents, versions, and standard proceduresAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1240.Internal audits, nonconformities, and corrective actionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1241.Risk, procurement, and supplier managementAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1242.Business continuity and assessment of quality system effectivenessAvailable after publication
Module 116. Laboratory information systems and data integrity
- Lesson 1243.The laboratory data life cycle from test ordering to archivingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1244.Patient, test request, sample, and result identifiersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1245.Connectivity between analyzers, middleware, and the LISAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1246.Reference data quality and unambiguous parameter namesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1247.Units, matrix, method, reference values, and timestampsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1248.Rounding rules, significant figures, and presentation of calculated resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1249.Raw data, audit trails, and result provenanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1250.ALCOA+ principles and integrity control for electronic recordsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1251.Access management, confidentiality, and protection of medical informationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1252.Information system validation and verification of result transmissionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1253.Backup, recovery, and long-term archivingAvailable after publication
Module 117. Biobanks and sample collection management
- Lesson 1254.Clinical collections, research biobanks, and specimen archivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1255.Informed consent and permissible secondary useAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1256.Identification of donors, samples, aliquots, and derived materialsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1257.Standardized metadata and documentation of collection conditionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1258.Collection representativeness and selection biasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1259.Specimen stability, temperature, and storage historyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1260.Sample quality for protein, metabolic, and genetic studiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1261.Movement traceability and chain of custodyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1262.Collection access, sample transfer, and confidentialityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1263.Assessing archived specimen suitability for a new research questionAvailable after publication
Section 8. Laboratory tests and their clinical interpretation
Module 118. How to read a laboratory result
- Lesson 1264.Report structure: parameter, specimen, method, units, and reference valuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1265.The physiological role of a parameter and its place within the body’s systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1266.Increases and decreases: mechanisms and alternative explanationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1267.Reference intervals, diagnostic thresholds, and target valuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1268.Age, sex, pregnancy, and the individual physiological contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1269.Preparation for testing and sample collection conditionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1270.Medications, supplements, and analytical interferenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1271.Isolated abnormalities and consistent combinations of findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1272.Contradictory results and plausibility assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1273.Repeat measurements, confirmatory testing, and longitudinal monitoringAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1274.Critical results and the need for timely clinical assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1275.Limitations of drawing independent conclusions from a laboratory reportAvailable after publication
Module 119. Diagnostic performance characteristics and test selection
- Lesson 1276.Analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1277.Pretest probability and disease prevalenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1278.Positive and negative predictive valuesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1279.Likelihood ratios and posttest probabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1280.ROC curves, AUC, and selection of diagnostic thresholdsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1281.Screening, confirmatory testing, and monitoringAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1282.Sequential and parallel use of testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1283.Reflex and additional testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1284.False-positive findings in large panelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1285.Statistical association and the clinical utility of a parameterAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1286.Overdiagnosis, incidental findings, and consequences of unnecessary testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1287.Justification for repeat testing and the diagnostic value of changes over timeAvailable after publication
Module 120. The complete blood count and cellular composition
- Lesson 1288.Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocritAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1289.MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDWAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1290.Reticulocytes and reticulocyte indicesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1291.Leukocytes and the leukocyte differentialAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1292.Absolute and relative counts of cell populationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1293.Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophilsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1294.Immature granulocytes, nucleated red blood cells, and atypical cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1295.Platelets, MPV, and other platelet indicesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1296.Blood smears, morphological changes, and analyzer flagsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1297.Leukocytosis, leukopenia, and changes in individual populationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1298.Erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, and combined cytopeniasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1299.Pseudothrombocytopenia, cell aggregation, and other artifactsAvailable after publication
Module 121. Iron metabolism and laboratory diagnosis of anemia
- Lesson 1300.Ferritin and the effects of inflammationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1301.Serum iron, transferrin, and total iron-binding capacityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1302.Transferrin saturation and soluble transferrin receptorAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1303.Reticulocyte hemoglobin and functional iron availabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1304.Microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemiasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1305.Iron deficiency and iron deficiency without anemiaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1306.Anemia of inflammation and functional iron deficiencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1307.Vitamin B12, folates, and metabolic markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1308.LDH, bilirubin, haptoglobin, and evidence of hemolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1309.Blood loss, impaired production, and accelerated erythrocyte destructionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1310.Mixed anemias and the effects of chronic diseasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1311.Iron overload and differentiation of reactive and inherited hyperferritinemiaAvailable after publication
Module 122. Specialized hematology and hematological malignancies
- Lesson 1312.Hemoglobin electrophoresis and chromatographic analysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1313.Thalassemias and structural hemoglobin variantsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1314.Erythrocyte enzymes and membrane disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1315.Pancytopenia, reticulocyte responses, and evidence of bone marrow diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1316.Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy: diagnostic objectivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1317.Cytological, histological, and cytochemical assessment of hematopoiesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1318.Immunophenotyping of acute leukemias and lymphoproliferative conditionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1319.Cytogenetic and molecular markers of hematological malignanciesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1320.Measurable residual disease and comparison of methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1321.Monoclonal lymphocyte populations and limitations of isolated findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1322.Hemophagocytic syndromes and laboratory patternsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1323.Integrating blood, bone marrow, morphological, and molecular dataAvailable after publication
Module 123. Plasma proteins and monoclonal components
- Lesson 1324.Total protein, albumin, and calculated globulinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1325.Protein electrophoresis and major fractionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1326.Immunoglobulins and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemiaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1327.Serum and urine immunofixationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1328.Free light chains and their ratioAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1329.Monoclonal proteins and differentiation of diagnostic objectivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1330.Hypoproteinemia: synthesis, losses, redistribution, and dilutionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1331.Albumin and prealbumin in the context of inflammation and nutritionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1332.Transport proteins and their effects on total concentrations of hormones and other substancesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1333.Cryoglobulins and considerations in testing temperature-dependent proteinsAvailable after publication
Module 124. Inflammation, responses to infection, and tissue injury
- Lesson 1334.C-reactive protein and acute-phase response kineticsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1335.High-sensitivity CRP measurement and specific clinical applicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1336.ESR and the effects of cellular composition and plasma proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1337.Procalcitonin and limitations in differentiating causes of inflammationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1338.Fibrinogen, ferritin, and other acute-phase parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1339.Cytokines and research panels of immune and inflammatory markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1340.LDH and nonspecific markers of cell injuryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1341.Local and systemic inflammationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1342.Laboratory changes over time after infection, trauma, and surgeryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1343.Effects of immunodeficiency, medications, and chronic diseasesAvailable after publication
Module 125. Laboratory assessment of the liver and biliary tract
- Lesson 1344.ALT and AST: tissue sources and patterns of change over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1345.GGT and alkaline phosphataseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1346.Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and extrahepatic sourcesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1347.Total, direct, and indirect bilirubinAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1348.Albumin, prothrombin time, and hepatic synthetic functionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1349.Hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed patterns of abnormalitiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1350.Bile acids and specialized diagnostic applicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1351.Ammonia and limitations of linking its concentration to clinical statusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1352.Laboratory fibrosis indices and their limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1353.Acute liver injury and chronic liver diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1354.Medications, alcohol, muscle injury, and other causes of abnormalitiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1355.Integrating biochemical, infectious, immune, and inherited markersAvailable after publication
Module 126. The pancreas and digestive disorders
- Lesson 1356.Amylase and pancreatic amylaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1357.Lipase and the diagnostic significance of changes over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1358.Macroamylasemia and extrapancreatic causes of abnormalitiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1359.Fecal pancreatic elastaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1360.Assessment of pancreatic exocrine functionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1361.Maldigestion, malabsorption, and laboratory patternsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1362.Qualitative and quantitative assessment of fecal fatAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1363.Consequences of impaired protein and fat-soluble vitamin absorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1364.Acute and chronic pancreatic abnormalitiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1365.Integrating laboratory, clinical, and imaging dataAvailable after publication
Module 127. Kidney function and nitrogen metabolism
- Lesson 1366.Creatinine and nonrenal factors affecting its concentrationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1367.Cystatin C and its limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1368.Estimated glomerular filtration rateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1369.Creatinine, cystatin C, and combined estimation modelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1370.Clearance measurement and direct methods of assessing filtrationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1371.Urea, protein load, and catabolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1372.Uric acid, production, and renal excretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1373.Acute kidney injury and limitations of steady-state estimation modelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1374.Chronic kidney disease and laboratory risk assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1375.Tubular function and low-molecular-weight proteinuriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1376.Fractional excretion and limitations of calculated parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1377.Effects of muscle mass, pregnancy, medications, and critical illnessAvailable after publication
Module 128. Urinalysis and quantitative urine testing
- Lesson 1378.Physical properties, specific gravity, and pHAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1379.Protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, and urobilinogenAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1380.Tests for blood, leukocyte esterase, and nitritesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1381.Urine sediment microscopy: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and epithelial cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1382.Casts and their diagnostic significanceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1383.Crystals, salts, and limitations in interpreting isolated findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1384.Albuminuria, proteinuria, and ratios to creatinineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1385.Hematuria and differentiation of possible sourcesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1386.Leukocyturia, bacteriuria, and the clinical contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1387.24-hour urine and assessment of collection completenessAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1388.Metabolic evaluation in urinary stone diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1389.Contamination, storage conditions, and false dipstick resultsAvailable after publication
Module 129. Electrolytes, water balance, and osmolality
- Lesson 1390.Sodium and differentiation of concentration abnormalities from water balance disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1391.Potassium and mechanisms of extracellular changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1392.Chloride and its relationship to acid–base statusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1393.Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium in the electrolyte profileAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1394.Plasma and urine osmolalityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1395.Calculated osmolality, effective osmolality, and tonicityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1396.The osmolal gap and unmeasured solutesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1397.Urinary electrolytes and assessment of the renal responseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1398.Fluid and electrolyte disturbances associated with fluid losses and edemaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1399.Pseudohyponatremia and direct and indirect ion-selective methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1400.Hemolysis, pseudohyperkalemia, and sample contaminationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1401.Interpreting electrolytes alongside glucose, kidney function, and hormonal dataAvailable after publication
Module 130. Blood gases and acid–base status
- Lesson 1402.Arterial, venous, and capillary blood gas testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1403.pH, pCO₂, and pO₂Available after publication
- Lesson 1404.Bicarbonate, total CO₂, and base excessAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1405.Oxygen saturation and oxygen contentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1406.Co-oximetry, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobinAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1407.Metabolic acidosis and alkalosisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1408.Respiratory acidosis and alkalosisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1409.Compensatory changes and mixed disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1410.The anion gap and the effects of albuminAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1411.Lactate and laboratory assessment of hyperlactatemiaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1412.Ketone bodies, kidney function, and other causes of metabolic disturbancesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1413.Air in the sample, delayed analysis, and other preanalytical limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 131. Carbohydrate metabolism and glycemic control
- Lesson 1414.Blood glucose and the effects of testing conditionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1415.Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1cAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1416.Hemoglobinopathies, erythrocyte lifespan, and limitations of HbA1cAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1417.Fructosamine and glycated albuminAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1418.Insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulinAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1419.The glucose tolerance test: diagnostic objectives and interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1420.Insulin resistance indices and limits of applicabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1421.Ketone bodies and β-hydroxybutyrateAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1422.Hypoglycemia and joint assessment of glucose and hormonal parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1423.Hyperglycemia, acute stress, and chronic disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1424.Antibodies in autoimmune diabetes and classification considerationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1425.Laboratory glucose, glucose meters, CGM, and causes of discrepanciesAvailable after publication
Module 132. The lipid profile and atherogenic lipoproteins
- Lesson 1426.Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterolAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1427.LDL cholesterol: calculated and direct methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1428.Triglycerides and the effects of food intakeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1429.Non-HDL cholesterolAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1430.Apolipoprotein B and atherogenic particle numberAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1431.Apolipoprotein A-I and additional lipid parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1432.Lipoprotein(a) and considerations regarding measurement unitsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1433.Remnant lipoproteins and assessment of the atherogenic profileAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1434.Primary and secondary dyslipidemiasAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1435.Laboratory findings in inherited lipid metabolism disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1436.Severe hypertriglyceridemia and analytical limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1437.Lipid changes over time and their relationship to overall cardiovascular riskAvailable after publication
Module 133. Cardiac and muscle markers
- Lesson 1438.High-sensitivity troponins and method characteristicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1439.Myocardial injury and laboratory changes over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1440.Diagnostic thresholds, serial measurements, and the clinical contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1441.Noncoronary causes of elevated troponinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1442.BNP, NT-proBNP, and natriuretic peptide physiologyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1443.Age, body weight, kidney function, and medications as modifiers of resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1444.Creatine kinase and its isoenzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1445.CK-MB and its limitations relative to other markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1446.Myoglobin, aldolase, and muscle sources of enzymesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1447.Physical workload, muscle injury, and rhabdomyolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1448.Interference, macroforms of enzymes, and discordant resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1449.Distinguishing chronic risk assessment from diagnosis of acute injuryAvailable after publication
Module 134. The thyroid gland and thyroid tests
- Lesson 1450.TSH: regulation of secretion and causes of changes in resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1451.Free T4: production, transport, and interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1452.Total T4 and the effects of binding proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1453.Total and free T3Available after publication
- Lesson 1454.Joint interpretation of TSH and free T4Available after publication
- Lesson 1455.Primary, central, and subclinical thyroid dysfunctionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1456.Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1457.TSH receptor antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1458.Thyroid parameters in pregnancy and different age groupsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1459.Nonthyroidal illness syndrome and medication effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1460.Biotin, macro-TSH, and other causes of discordant resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1461.Reverse T3: physiology, limitations of clinical use, and diagnostic claimsAvailable after publication
Module 135. The pituitary gland and functional endocrine testing
- Lesson 1462.Hormonal axes and negative feedbackAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1463.Prolactin and physiological causes of changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1464.Macroprolactin and considerations in immunoassay measurementAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1465.Growth hormone, pulsatile secretion, and limitations of a single resultAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1466.IGF-1 and age-specific reference dataAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1467.ACTH, TSH, LH, and FSH as regulatory hormonesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1468.Primary and central endocrine disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1469.Copeptin and laboratory assessment of water balance regulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1470.Basal, stimulation, and suppression testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1471.Dynamic tests: diagnostic objectives, prerequisites, and limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1472.Binding proteins, medications, and the physiological contextAvailable after publication
Module 136. The adrenal glands and steroid hormones
- Lesson 1473.Cortisol in blood, saliva, and urineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1474.Free and total cortisol and binding proteinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1475.Daily rhythms and laboratory patterns of hypercortisolismAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1476.ACTH and joint assessment with cortisolAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1477.Laboratory approaches to adrenal insufficiencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1478.Stimulation and suppression tests: principles of interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1479.Aldosterone, renin, and the aldosterone-to-renin ratioAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1480.Medications, body position, and salt and water balance as modifiers of resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1481.Plasma and urinary metanephrines and normetanephrinesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1482.DHEA-S, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesteroneAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1483.Steroid profiles and inherited disorders of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1484.Immunoassays and mass spectrometry in steroid testingAvailable after publication
Module 137. Sex hormones and reproductive endocrinology
- Lesson 1485.LH and FSH in different physiological statesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1486.Estradiol and progesteroneAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1487.Total testosteroneAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1488.Free testosterone: measurement and calculation approachesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1489.SHBG, albumin, and sex hormone availabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1490.Androgen profiles and causes of discordant resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1491.Anti-Müllerian hormone and limitations of ovarian reserve assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1492.Inhibin B and specialized diagnostic applicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1493.hCG and considerations in interpreting changes over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1494.The menstrual cycle, age, pregnancy, and hormonal medicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1495.Primary and central disorders of reproductive functionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1496.Urinary estrogens and steroid metabolites: indications, evidence, and limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 138. Semen analysis and laboratory assessment of male fertility
- Lesson 1497.Preanalytical factors in semen testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1498.Volume, viscosity, liquefaction, and pHAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1499.Sperm concentration and total sperm countAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1500.Progressive and nonprogressive motility and immotile spermAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1501.Sperm vitality and morphologyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1502.Leukocytes, round cells, and evidence of inflammationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1503.Antisperm antibodies and the scope of testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1504.Sperm DNA fragmentation: methods and limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1505.Biochemical markers of seminal plasmaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1506.Result variability, repeat testing, and comprehensive fertility assessmentAvailable after publication
Module 139. Vitamins and functional markers of nutritional status
- Lesson 1507.Direct and functional indicators of vitamin statusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1508.Vitamin B12 and holotranscobalaminAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1509.Methylmalonic acid and dependence on the clinical contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1510.Folates and homocysteineAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1511.Thiamine and functional assessment of vitamin B1Available after publication
- Lesson 1512.Riboflavin, niacin, and specialized B-vitamin testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1513.Pyridoxal 5-phosphate and vitamin B6 assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1514.Vitamin C and considerations regarding sample stabilityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1515.Retinol, retinol-binding protein, and vitamin A assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1516.Tocopherols and their relationship to the lipid profileAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1517.Vitamin K and indicators of vitamin K-dependent processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1518.Matrix selection, effects of supplements, and limitations of deficiency panelsAvailable after publication
Module 140. Trace elements and laboratory assessment of mineral status
- Lesson 1519.Zinc and the effects of inflammation and preanalytical factorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1520.Copper and ceruloplasminAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1521.Copper metabolism and differentiation of nutritional and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1522.Selenium and characteristics of different biological specimensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1523.Urinary iodine and limitations of individual iodine status assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1524.Manganese, chromium, and other specialized elemental testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1525.Total element concentrations and individual chemical speciesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1526.Serum, plasma, whole blood, and urine in elemental analysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1527.Sample contamination and material requirementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1528.Effects of carrier proteins, inflammation, and organ functionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1529.Hair and nail testing: methodological and interpretive limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1530.Element deficiency, excess, and toxic exposureAvailable after publication
Module 141. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone markers
- Lesson 1531.Total and ionized calciumAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1532.Albumin and limitations of calculated calcium correctionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1533.Phosphate, magnesium, and renal excretionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1534.Parathyroid hormone and joint interpretation with calciumAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1535.25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂DAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1536.FGF23 and specialized phosphate metabolism testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1537.Total and bone-specific alkaline phosphataseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1538.P1NP, osteocalcin, and markers of bone formationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1539.CTX and markers of bone resorptionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1540.Hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and secondary changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1541.Bone and mineral disorders in kidney diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1542.Age, menopause, diet, daily rhythms, and assessment of changes over timeAvailable after publication
Module 142. Hemostasis and laboratory assessment of bleeding
- Lesson 1543.Primary hemostasis, coagulation, and fibrinolysisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1544.Platelet counts and platelet function testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1545.Platelet aggregation and other functional platelet testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1546.von Willebrand factor: antigen and functional activityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1547.Prothrombin time and INRAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1548.APTT and considerations regarding reagent sensitivityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1549.Thrombin time and fibrinogenAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1550.Testing of individual coagulation factorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1551.Mixing studies and differentiation of factor deficiency from inhibitorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1552.Inherited and acquired coagulopathiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1553.Preanalytical errors and the effects of anticoagulantsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1554.Integrated interpretation of bleeding history and the laboratory profileAvailable after publication
Module 143. Thrombosis, fibrinolysis, and laboratory monitoring of anticoagulation
- Lesson 1555.D-dimer and the clinical probability of thrombosisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1556.Fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products, and systemic coagulation activationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1557.Laboratory patterns of disseminated intravascular coagulationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1558.Antithrombin and proteins C and SAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1559.Inherited thrombophilias and justification for testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1560.Lupus anticoagulant and antiphospholipid antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1561.Timing of testing, acute events, pregnancy, and drug therapyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1562.INR and considerations in monitoring vitamin K antagonistsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1563.Anti-Xa activity and laboratory assessment of heparinsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1564.Direct oral anticoagulants and interference in coagulation testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1565.Antibodies to the PF4–heparin complex and functional testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1566.Viscoelastic methods and specialized hemostasis assessmentAvailable after publication
Module 144. Immunohematology and transfusion testing
- Lesson 1567.The ABO and Rh blood group systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1568.Other clinically significant erythrocyte antigensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1569.Forward and reverse blood groupingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1570.Screening and identification of red cell antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1571.Direct and indirect antiglobulin testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1572.Alloantibodies, autoantibodies, and temperature dependence of reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1573.Blood compatibility and laboratory objectives before transfusionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1574.Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newbornAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1575.Laboratory assessment of suspected transfusion reactionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1576.Serological and molecular typing of erythrocyte antigensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1577.Infection safety of donated bloodAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1578.Patient identification and blood component traceabilityAvailable after publication
Module 145. Immune status and immunodeficiencies
- Lesson 1579.Immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgMAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1580.IgG subclasses and diagnostic limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1581.B and T lymphocytes and NK cellsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1582.CD4, CD8, and interpretation of absolute and relative measurementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1583.The complement system: C3, C4, and functional activityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1584.Antibody responses to past infections and vaccinationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1585.Functional testing of phagocytes and lymphocytesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1586.Primary and secondary immunodeficienciesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1587.Immunosuppressive therapy and laboratory changes over timeAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1588.Immunological variation and limitations of nonspecific immune panelsAvailable after publication
Module 146. Autoimmune and organ-specific testing
- Lesson 1589.Antinuclear antibodies, titers, and fluorescence patternsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1590.Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and the ENA profileAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1591.Rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1592.ANCA and antibodies to PR3 and MPOAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1593.Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1594.Myositis-specific and myositis-associated antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1595.Antimitochondrial and other antibodies in autoimmune liver diseasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1596.Anti-tissue transglutaminase and anti-endomysial antibodies in celiac diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1597.Parietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1598.Cryoglobulins and immune complex-mediated processesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1599.Method dependence, confirmation, and causes of contradictory resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1600.Positive autoantibodies without a corresponding clinical syndromeAvailable after publication
Module 147. Laboratory diagnosis of allergy
- Lesson 1601.Total IgE and its diagnostic limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1602.Specific IgE to allergen extractsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1603.Component-resolved allergy diagnosticsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1604.Cross-reactivity and carbohydrate determinantsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1605.Sensitization and clinically significant allergyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1606.Tryptase and laboratory assessment of mast cell activationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1607.The basophil activation test and specialized testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1608.Drug, food, and inhalant allergy: differences in diagnostic objectivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1609.Food IgG panels and assessment of diagnostic claimsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1610.Integrating laboratory results with clinical history and other diagnostic methodsAvailable after publication
Module 148. Clinical interpretation of viral testing
- Lesson 1611.HIV: screening and confirmatory testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1612.HIV viral load and immunological monitoringAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1613.Hepatitis B: HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and additional markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1614.Hepatitis B virus DNA and infection activityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1615.Hepatitis C: antibodies, RNA, and assessment of current infectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1616.Hepatitis A and E: serological and molecular diagnostic objectivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1617.EBV and CMV: past, primary, and reactivated infectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1618.Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virusesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1619.Respiratory viruses and multiplex panelsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1620.HPV: detection, typing, and links to screening programsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1621.Regional viral infections and the epidemiological contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1622.The diagnostic window, immunodeficiency, and discrepancies between methodsAvailable after publication
Module 149. Clinical interpretation of bacteriological testing
- Lesson 1623.Blood cultures and the clinical significance of isolated microorganismsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1624.Blood culture contamination and true bloodstream infectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1625.Urine testing and assessment of bacteriuriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1626.Respiratory tract specimens and sample qualityAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1627.Infections of the skin, soft tissues, wounds, and medical devicesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1628.Bacterial meningitis and testing of normally sterile biological fluidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1629.Tuberculosis: microscopy, culture, and molecular testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1630.IGRA and differentiation of infection from active diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1631.Syphilis: treponemal and nontreponemal testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1632.Other sexually transmitted infectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1633.Intestinal bacterial infections and toxin-mediated diseasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1634.Antimicrobial susceptibility reports, the clinical context, and limitations of laboratory conclusionsAvailable after publication
Module 150. Clinical interpretation of fungal and parasitic testing
- Lesson 1635.Superficial mycoses and the diagnostic significance of specimensAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1636.Invasive fungal infection and combining independent testsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1637.Galactomannan, β-D-glucan, and limitations of nonspecific findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1638.Culture, antigen, and molecular results in immunodeficiencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1639.Intestinal protozoa and helminths in stool testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1640.Blood parasitic infections and quantification of findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1641.Tissue parasitic infections and the role of serological testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1642.Toxoplasmosis, pregnancy, and immunodeficiencyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1643.Eosinophilia, travel, and regional epidemiologyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1644.False parasitic findings and assessment of commercial diagnostic methodsAvailable after publication
Module 151. Gastroenterological testing and stool analysis
- Lesson 1645.Helicobacter pylori: antigen testing, breath tests, and other methodsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1646.Laboratory assessment after Helicobacter pylori treatmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1647.Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrinAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1648.The fecal immunochemical test for occult blood: FITAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1649.The guaiac test and differences between methods of blood detectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1650.Clostridioides difficile: toxins, antigen, and molecular detectionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1651.Diagnostic panels for intestinal infectionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1652.Stool analysis parameters and their limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1653.Celiac disease: the serological profile, total IgA, and dietary effectsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1654.Protein-losing enteropathy and α1-antitrypsin testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1655.Breath tests for carbohydrate malabsorption and suspected small intestinal bacterial overgrowthAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1656.Organic diseases, functional disorders, and limits of laboratory conclusionsAvailable after publication
Module 152. Tumor markers and laboratory oncology
- Lesson 1657.Screening, diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1658.Total and free PSAAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1659.Alpha-fetoprotein and hCG in oncological applicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1660.CEA and CA 19-9Available after publication
- Lesson 1661.CA 125, HE4, and limitations of calculated risk indicesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1662.Thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibodiesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1663.Calcitonin and specialized applicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1664.Markers of neuroendocrine tumorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1665.Benign causes of elevations and analytical interferenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1666.Serial results during treatment and follow-upAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1667.Circulating tumor DNA and other forms of liquid biopsyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1668.Limitations of tumor marker panels in asymptomatic testingAvailable after publication
Module 153. Cerebrospinal fluid and laboratory neurology
- Lesson 1669.Cerebrospinal fluid physiology and diagnostic objectivesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1670.Cellular composition, cell counts, and cell differentiationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1671.Protein, glucose, lactate, and comparison with bloodAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1672.Blood contamination and interpretation of traumatic samplesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1673.Xanthochromia and testing for suspected hemorrhageAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1674.Microbiological and molecular testing of cerebrospinal fluidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1675.The albumin quotient and blood–brain barriersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1676.Oligoclonal bands and intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1677.Autoantibodies in neuroimmune diseasesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1678.Amyloid, tau protein, and neurofilament markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1679.Comparing cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1680.Preanalytical factors and limitations of integrated interpretationAvailable after publication
Module 154. Pleural, ascitic, synovial, and other fluids
- Lesson 1681.Selecting tests for different biological fluidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1682.Cellular composition and morphological assessmentAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1683.Pleural fluid: protein, LDH, and classification criteriaAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1684.pH, glucose, and markers of complicated pleural diseaseAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1685.Ascitic fluid and the serum–ascites albumin gradientAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1686.Neutrophils and microbiological testing of ascitic fluidAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1687.Synovial fluid: cells, viscosity, and crystalsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1688.Polarized light microscopy in crystal-induced arthritisAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1689.Triglycerides, cholesterol, and chylous fluidsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1690.Amylase, bilirubin, and creatinine in specialized diagnostic applicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1691.Cytological examination of effusions and limitations of negative resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1692.Absence of standard reference values and method dependence of measurements in nonstandard matricesAvailable after publication
Module 155. Therapeutic drug monitoring
- Lesson 1693.Objectives of measuring drug concentrationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1694.Pharmacokinetics, distribution, clearance, and steady-state concentrationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1695.Sample collection timing and its relationship to prior dosingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1696.Trough and peak concentrations and area under the curveAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1697.Total and free drug fractionsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1698.Therapeutic ranges and individual clinical targetsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1699.Monitoring of selected antimicrobial drugsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1700.Immunosuppressants and transplantation-related testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1701.Antiepileptic and psychotropic drugsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1702.Lithium, digoxin, and other drugs with specific monitoring requirementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1703.Liver and kidney function, interactions, and adherenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1704.Analytical methods, active metabolites, and discrepancies between methodsAvailable after publication
Module 156. Clinical and environmental toxicology
- Lesson 1705.Screening and confirmatory toxicology testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1706.Blood, urine, and other matrices: diagnostic windowsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1707.Immunoassay screening and mass spectrometric confirmationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1708.Cross-reactivity and false-positive resultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1709.Ethanol and laboratory markers of alcohol exposureAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1710.Methanol, ethylene glycol, and limitations of indirect indicatorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1711.Acetaminophen, salicylates, and concentration–time interpretationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1712.Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobinAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1713.Lead, mercury, arsenic, and other toxic elementsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1714.Chemical species of toxicants and selection of exposure indicatorsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1715.Pesticides, solvents, and specialized occupational testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1716.Exposure, internal substance levels, biological effects, and clinical toxicityAvailable after publication
Module 157. Laboratory diagnosis during pregnancy and the neonatal period
- Lesson 1717.Physiological changes in laboratory parameters during pregnancyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1718.Gestational reference intervalsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1719.hCG and laboratory objectives in early pregnancyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1720.PAPP-A, free β-hCG, and other prenatal screening markersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1721.Circulating cell-free DNA: screening and diagnostic approachesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1722.Laboratory assessment of gestational carbohydrate metabolism disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1723.Blood parameters, iron, and deficiency states during pregnancyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1724.Proteinuria and laboratory findings in pregnancy complicationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1725.Thyroid, liver, and coagulation parameters in the gestational contextAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1726.Immunohematological and infection testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1727.Neonatal jaundice, blood glucose, and metabolic adaptationAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1728.Newborn screening and confirmation of detected abnormalitiesAvailable after publication
Module 158. Age-related considerations and coexisting clinical conditions
- Lesson 1729.Pediatric reference intervals and maturation of body systemsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1730.Prematurity, early childhood, and specimen characteristicsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1731.Growth, puberty, and hormonal parametersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1732.Changes in blood parameters, enzymes, and bone markers in childrenAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1733.Laboratory assessment of older adultsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1734.Sarcopenia, body composition, and calculated parameters of organ functionAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1735.Polypharmacy and drug interferenceAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1736.Chronic inflammation, malnutrition, and frailtyAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1737.Coexisting diseases and competing explanationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1738.Comparing population reference values with individual changes over timeAvailable after publication
Module 159. Laboratory patterns in acute and critical conditions
- Lesson 1739.Integrated assessment of glucose, electrolytes, and acid–base statusAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1740.Ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar disordersAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1741.Hypoglycemia and the hypoglycemic laboratory profileAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1742.Hyperlactatemia, hypoperfusion, and alternative mechanismsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1743.Hyperammonemia and preanalytical limitationsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1744.Acute liver and kidney injuryAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1745.Rhabdomyolysis and combined muscle and kidney findingsAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1746.Tumor lysis syndrome and mineral disturbancesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1747.Systemic inflammation, sepsis, and coagulation changesAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1748.Hemolysis, thrombotic microangiopathies, and ADAMTS13 testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1749.Endocrine emergencies and interpretation of hormonal testingAvailable after publication
- Lesson 1750.Serial results, critical values, and communication between the laboratory and the clinicianAvailable after publication