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© 2026 NutriFit. All rights reserved.Version 1.3.0· 2025–2026
Courses

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry

A structured course for professionals, covering chemical foundations and cellular organization through metabolism, physiology, and the interpretation of scientific data. Start with the first section, or use the syllabus to find a module or a specific lesson. Materials become available as they are published.

Section
16
Module
227
Lesson
2469
NutriFit Editorial TeamCurriculum updated: October 12, 2026© 2026 NutriFit
DNA double helix, protein and cell membrane — course cover

Course curriculum

Lessons found: 2469

Section 1. Scientific, Chemical, and Molecular and Cellular Foundations
Module 1. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Scientific Thinking
  1. Lesson 1.Levels of biological organization: molecule, complex, cell, tissue, organ, organism, and populationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 2.The scope of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, physiology, and laboratory medicineAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 3.Observation, scientific questions, hypotheses, experiments, and testable predictionsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 4.Biological mechanisms, statistical associations, and causal relationshipsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 5.Scientific models, assumptions, domains of applicability, and limits of explanationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 6.Reproducibility, independent confirmation, and revision of scientific conclusionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 7.Biomarkers: analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utilityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 8.Screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and scientific researchAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 9.Professional terminology, international nomenclature, and abbreviationsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 10.Primary research articles, reviews, textbooks, databases, and clinical guidelinesAvailable after publication
Module 2. General Chemistry and the Quantitative Foundations of Biochemistry
  1. Lesson 11.Atomic structure, electron shells, and periodic properties of elementsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 12.Isotopes, ions, valence, and oxidation statesAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 13.Covalent, coordinate, and ionic bondsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 14.Molecular formulas, molar mass, and amount of substanceAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 15.Chemical reaction stoichiometry and conservation lawsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 16.SI units, dimensions, and laboratory unit conversionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 17.Molar, mass, and molal concentrations; mass and volume fractionsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 18.Chemical activity, ionic strength, and the distinction between activity and concentrationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 19.Orders of magnitude, significant figures, and calculation uncertaintyAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 20.Oxidation–reduction reactions and electron balanceAvailable after publication
Module 3. Solutions, Chemical Equilibrium, and Acid–Base Systems
  1. Lesson 21.Water, hydration, and the role of solvents in biological systemsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 22.Solubility, partitioning between phases, and solution propertiesAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 23.Chemical equilibrium and the law of mass actionAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 24.Acids and bases; conjugate acid–base pairsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 25.pH, pKa, and the ionization of biomoleculesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 26.Buffer capacity and biological buffer systemsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 27.Osmosis, osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 28.Diffusion, concentration gradients, and mass transferAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 29.Complex formation and metal ion bindingAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 30.Colloidal systems, aggregation, and dispersion stabilityAvailable after publication
Module 4. Organic Chemistry and Classes of Biomolecules
  1. Lesson 31.Carbon skeletons, functional groups, and organic compound nomenclatureAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 32.Isomerism, chirality, and the stereospecificity of biological reactionsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 33.Nucleophiles, electrophiles, and major types of organic transformationsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 34.Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharidesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 35.Fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and steroidsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 36.Amino acids, peptide bonds, and side-chain propertiesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 37.Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structureAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 38.Nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, DNA, and RNAAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 39.Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, lipoproteins, and other complex biomoleculesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 40.Hydrolysis, condensation, group transfer, and polymerizationAvailable after publication
Module 5. Biophysics and the Thermodynamics of Living Systems
  1. Lesson 41.Open systems, matter and energy flows; equilibrium and steady statesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 42.Internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and free energyAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 43.Spontaneity and coupling of biochemical reactionsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 44.Chemical potential and the energetics of concentration gradientsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 45.Reaction rates, activation energy, and catalysisAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 46.Temperature, molecular mobility, and biomolecular stabilityAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 47.Brownian motion, diffusion limitations, and the intracellular environmentAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 48.Electrochemical gradients and membrane potentialAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 49.Absorption, scattering, and emission of light by biomoleculesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 50.Radioactive and stable isotopes in biological researchAvailable after publication
Module 6. Molecular Recognition and Biomolecular Interactions
  1. Lesson 51.Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and van der Waals forcesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 52.The hydrophobic effect and the organization of biological structuresAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 53.Surface complementarity and molecular conformational dynamicsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 54.Binding affinity, avidity, and specificityAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 55.Equilibrium association and dissociation constantsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 56.Binding kinetics and the lifetime of molecular complexesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 57.Interaction stoichiometry, competition, and cooperativityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 58.Allostery, conformational selection, and induced fitAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 59.Protein–protein, protein–nucleic acid, and protein–ligand interactionsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 60.Molecular crowding, phase separation, and biomolecular condensatesAvailable after publication
Module 7. Cells, Organelles, and Compartmentalization
  1. Lesson 61.Cell theory and the general properties of cellular systemsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 62.Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular organizationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 63.Cytosol, organelles, and the distribution of biochemical functionsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 64.Mitochondria and the integration of cellular energy systemsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 65.The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatusAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 66.Lysosomes, endosomes, and peroxisomesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 67.The nucleus, nuclear envelope, and nucleolusAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 68.Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound cellular structuresAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 69.Cell specialization and coordination of organelle functionsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 70.Organelle contact sites and intracellular metabolite exchangeAvailable after publication
Module 8. Enzymes and the Mechanisms of Biochemical Catalysis
  1. Lesson 71.Nomenclature, enzyme classes, and types of enzymatic reactionsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 72.The active site, substrate binding, and the transition stateAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 73.Michaelis–Menten kinetics, Km, Vmax, and catalytic efficiencyAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 74.Multisubstrate reactions and coupled enzyme systemsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 75.Competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive, and irreversible inhibitionAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 76.Allostery, cooperativity, and feedbackAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 77.Post-translational regulation of enzymesAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 78.Cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, and cosubstratesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 79.NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, coenzyme A, and chemical group carriersAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 80.Vitamins and metals in enzymatic catalysisAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 81.Isoenzymes, zymogens, and enzyme complexesAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 82.Enzyme activity, enzyme abundance, and metabolic fluxAvailable after publication
Module 9. Biological Membranes and Molecular Transport
  1. Lesson 83.The lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and membrane asymmetryAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 84.Fluidity, curvature, and the organization of membrane domainsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 85.Simple and facilitated diffusionAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 86.Channels, carriers, and pumpsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 87.Primary and secondary active transportAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 88.Symport, antiport, and the coupling of transport processesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 89.Ion selectivity, electrochemical equilibrium, and membrane potentialAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 90.Aquaporins and the regulation of cellular water balanceAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 91.Transport of sugars, amino acids, lipids, and metabolitesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 92.Altered membrane transport in inherited and acquired disordersAvailable after publication
Module 10. Protein Targeting and Intracellular Transport
  1. Lesson 93.Signal sequences and cellular protein targetingAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 94.Protein transport into the endoplasmic reticulumAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 95.Maturation and sorting of secretory pathway proteinsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 96.The Golgi apparatus and the distribution of cellular cargoAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 97.Vesicular transport, coat proteins, and membrane fusionAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 98.Endocytosis, receptor recycling, and endosome maturationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 99.Exocytosis, regulated secretion, and extracellular vesiclesAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 100.Protein import into mitochondria and peroxisomesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 101.Nuclear pores and the import and export of macromoleculesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 102.Polarized transport and organelle interactionsAvailable after publication
Module 11. The Cytoskeleton, Cellular Architecture, and Mechanobiology
  1. Lesson 103.Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filamentsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 104.Cytoskeletal polymerization, dynamics, and regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 105.Molecular motors and cellular cargo transportAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 106.Centrosomes, cilia, and flagellaAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 107.Cell shape, the cell cortex, and cell polarityAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 108.Cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix attachmentsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 109.Integrins, adhesion complexes, and mechanotransductionAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 110.Cell migration and tissue remodelingAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 111.Mechanical properties of the microenvironment and regulation of cell behaviorAvailable after publication
Module 12. The Cell Nucleus and the Spatial Architecture of the Genome
  1. Lesson 112.The nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, and organization of the nuclear interiorAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 113.Chromosomes, chromatids, centromeres, and telomeresAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 114.Nucleosomes, histones, and levels of chromatin packagingAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 115.Euchromatin, heterochromatin, and DNA accessibilityAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 116.Genes, exons, introns, promoters, and distal regulatory elementsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 117.Noncoding DNA, repetitive sequences, and mobile elementsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 118.Chromosome territories, compartments, and topological domainsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 119.Chromatin loops, regulatory element contacts, and architectural proteinsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 120.The nucleolus, nuclear bodies, and biomolecular condensatesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 121.Links between three-dimensional genome organization and gene expression, replication, and DNA stabilityAvailable after publication
Module 13. DNA Replication and Chromosome Maintenance
  1. Lesson 122.Semiconservative replication and the direction of DNA synthesisAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 123.Replication origins and the organization of replication domainsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 124.The replisome, helicases, primases, and DNA polymerasesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 125.Leading and lagging strands; DNA fragment maturationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 126.Replication fidelity, proofreading activity, and error controlAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 127.DNA topology and topoisomerase functionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 128.Replication licensing and coordination with the cell cycleAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 129.Chromatin replication and restoration of chromatin organizationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 130.Telomeres, telomerase, and the end-replication problemAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 131.Distinctive features of mitochondrial genome replicationAvailable after publication
Module 14. DNA Damage, Repair, and Recombination
  1. Lesson 132.Endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damageAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 133.Chemical modifications of bases and damage to the sugar–phosphate backboneAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 134.Replication errors and mismatch repairAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 135.Base excision and nucleotide excision repairAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 136.Single-strand and double-strand DNA breaksAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 137.Homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joiningAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 138.Interstrand crosslinks and the recovery of stalled replication forksAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 139.DNA damage signaling and checkpointsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 140.Meiotic recombination and the generation of genetic diversityAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 141.Genomic instability, mutational signatures, and links to diseaseAvailable after publication
Module 15. Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression
  1. Lesson 142.Transcription units and the use of the DNA templateAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 143.RNA polymerases and organization of the transcription machineryAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 144.Transcription initiation, elongation, and terminationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 145.Promoters, enhancers, silencers, and insulatorsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 146.Transcription factors, coactivators, and corepressorsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 147.Chromatin complexes and regulatory region accessibilityAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 148.Operons and basic principles of prokaryotic regulationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 149.Combinatorial and tissue-specific regulation in eukaryotesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 150.Transcriptional bursting and cellular heterogeneityAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 151.Transcriptional responses to nutrients, hormones, and stressAvailable after publication
Module 16. RNA Biology and Post-transcriptional Regulation
  1. Lesson 152.Messenger, ribosomal, transfer, and regulatory RNAsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 153.RNA structure and interactions with proteinsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 154.Capping and formation of the messenger RNA 3′ endAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 155.The spliceosome, splicing, and alternative transcriptsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 156.RNA editing and transcript diversityAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 157.Nuclear export, intracellular localization, and storage of RNAAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 158.Transcript stability and major RNA degradation pathwaysAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 159.RNA quality control and elimination of defective transcriptsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 160.MicroRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and piRNAsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 161.Long noncoding and circular RNAsAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 162.RNA-binding proteins and ribonucleoprotein complexesAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 163.Chemical modifications of RNA and epitranscriptomicsAvailable after publication
Module 17. Translation and Protein Biosynthesis
  1. Lesson 164.The genetic code, codons, and anticodonsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 165.Ribosome structure and the role of ribosomal RNAAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 166.Transfer RNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 167.Translation initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 168.Elongation, peptide bond formation, and translocationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 169.Termination and ribosome recyclingAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 170.Translation fidelity and error correctionAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 171.Polysomes and the coupling of protein synthesis and foldingAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 172.Translation regulation according to energy and nutritional statusAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 173.Ribosomal stress and quality control of nascent proteinsAvailable after publication
Module 18. Protein Maturation, Proteostasis, and Molecular Quality Control
  1. Lesson 174.Protein folding and the conformational energy landscapeAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 175.Chaperones, chaperonins, and cochaperonesAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 176.Disulfide bonds, proteolytic maturation, and complex assemblyAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 177.Protein phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 178.Glycosylation, lipidation, and other post-translational modificationsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 179.Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modificationsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 180.The proteasome and selective protein degradationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 181.Endoplasmic reticulum quality control and ERADAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 182.The unfolded protein response and the integrated stress responseAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 183.Autophagy, lysosomal degradation, and removal of protein aggregatesAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 184.Amyloid structures, proteotoxicity, and disrupted proteostasisAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 185.Protein turnover, degradomics, and links between proteostasis and metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 19. Epigenetic Mechanisms and Cellular Memory
  1. Lesson 186.Epigenetic states and their distinction from changes in DNA sequenceAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 187.DNA methylation and maintenance of methylated regionsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 188.DNA demethylation and its relationship to cellular metabolismAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 189.Histone modifications and proteins that recognize epigenetic marksAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 190.ATP-dependent chromatin remodelingAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 191.Genomic imprinting and the parental origin of allelesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 192.X-chromosome inactivation and gene dosage compensationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 193.Maintenance of cellular identity during divisionAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 194.Epigenetic plasticity in development, aging, and diseaseAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 195.Transmission of epigenetic states and limits of intergenerational inferenceAvailable after publication
Module 20. Receptors and Intracellular Signaling Systems
  1. Lesson 196.Receptor classes and principles of signal recognitionAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 197.G protein-coupled receptors and second messengersAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 198.Receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling adaptorsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 199.The RAS–MAPK and PI3K–AKT cascadesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 200.AMPK, mTOR, and coordination of energy status with cell growthAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 201.Calcium signaling and organelle interactionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 202.JAK–STAT, cytokine signaling, and intercellular regulationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 203.NF-κB, inflammatory signaling, and stress responsesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 204.Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TGF-β in development and homeostasisAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 205.Nuclear receptors and transcriptional responses to small moleculesAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 206.HIF and NRF2 in adaptation to hypoxia and oxidative challengesAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 207.Feedback, crosstalk, adaptation, and spatial organization of signalingAvailable after publication
Module 21. The Cell Cycle, Cell Division, and Genome Segregation
  1. Lesson 208.Cell cycle phases and quiescent statesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 209.Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and their regulatorsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 210.Control of cell cycle transitionsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 211.Coordination of replication, cell growth, and divisionAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 212.Chromosome condensation and spindle formationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 213.Kinetochores, chromosome attachment, and segregation controlAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 214.Mitosis, cytokinesis, and maintenance of cell polarityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 215.Meiosis, crossing over, and chromosome number reductionAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 216.Aneuploidy, polyploidy, and chromosomal instabilityAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 217.Disrupted control of cell division in malignant transformationAvailable after publication
Module 22. Cellular Stress, Senescence, and Regulated Cell Death
  1. Lesson 218.Cell injury, adaptation, and reversibility of changesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 219.Oxidative, genotoxic, metabolic, and proteotoxic stressAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 220.Stress granules and reorganization of molecular processesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 221.Mitochondrial quality control and mitophagyAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 222.Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathwaysAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 223.Necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosisAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 224.Cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotypeAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 225.Clearance of dead cells and restoration of tissue homeostasisAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 226.Interactions between cell death, inflammation, and regenerationAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 227.Molecular markers of cellular state and limits of their interpretationAvailable after publication
Module 23. Molecular Biology of Development and Cell Differentiation
  1. Lesson 228.Cell potency, self-renewal, and acquisition of specialized functionsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 229.Maternal factors and early developmental regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 230.Morphogens, positional information, and spatial pattern formationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 231.Gene regulatory networks and stability of cellular identityAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 232.Asymmetric division and cell fate decisionsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 233.Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions and cellular plasticityAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 234.Organogenesis and coordination of proliferation, migration, and differentiationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 235.Stem cell niches and maintenance of adult tissuesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 236.Regeneration, reprogramming, and limits of recoveryAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 237.Developmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factorsAvailable after publication
Module 24. Human Heredity and Genetic Variation
  1. Lesson 238.Genes, alleles, genotype, and phenotypeAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 239.Mendelian inheritance and pedigree interpretationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 240.Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritanceAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 241.Sex chromosome-linked inheritanceAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 242.Mitochondrial inheritance, heteroplasmy, and threshold effectsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 243.Penetrance, expressivity, and age dependence of traitsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 244.Single-nucleotide variants, insertions, deletions, and repeat expansionsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 245.Structural rearrangements, copy number variation, and aneuploidyAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 246.Germline and somatic variants; mosaicism and chimerismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 247.Linkage, recombination, haplotypes, and linkage disequilibriumAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 248.Polygenic traits and genotype–environment interactionsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 249.Genetic causation, predisposition, carrier status, and absence of clinical manifestationsAvailable after publication
Section 2. Human physiology and general pathophysiology
Module 25. Tissues and organization of the body
  1. Lesson 250.Epithelial tissues and their specialized functionsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 251.Connective tissues and the extracellular matrixAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 252.Muscle tissues and mechanisms of contractionAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 253.Nervous tissue, neurons, and gliaAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 254.The internal environment and intercellular exchangeAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 255.Organs, functional systems, and physiological reservesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 256.Homeostasis and mechanisms of adaptationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 257.Relationships between tissue structure and its molecular and laboratory characteristicsAvailable after publication
Module 26. Blood and hematopoiesis
  1. Lesson 258.Hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation lineagesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 259.Erythropoiesis and its regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 260.Hemoglobin and respiratory gas transportAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 261.Leukopoiesis and functions of leukocyte populationsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 262.Megakaryocytes, platelets, and primary hemostasisAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 263.Blood plasma and its major componentsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 264.Hemostasis, fibrinolysis, and the vascular wallAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 265.Life cycles and clearance of blood cellsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 266.Blood as a medium for transport, regulation, and diagnostic assessmentAvailable after publication
Module 27. Physiology of digestion and absorption
  1. Lesson 267.Motility and secretory function of the gastrointestinal tractAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 268.Gastric secretion and regulation of acidityAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 269.The exocrine pancreas and digestive enzymesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 270.Bile and the digestive function of bile acidsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 271.Carbohydrate digestion and absorptionAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 272.Protein and peptide digestion and absorptionAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 273.Lipid digestion and absorptionAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 274.Absorption of vitamins, minerals, and waterAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 275.Intestinal transporters and intercellular junctionsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 276.Maldigestion, malabsorption, and impaired barrier functionAvailable after publication
Module 28. The liver and interorgan metabolism
  1. Lesson 277.Liver microstructure and functional zonationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 278.Portal blood flow and the first passage of substances through the liverAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 279.Hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, and stellate cellsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 280.The role of the liver in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolismAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 281.Synthesis of plasma proteins and regulatory moleculesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 282.Nitrogen detoxification and xenobiotic biotransformationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 283.Bile secretion and metabolite excretionAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 284.Liver injury, cholestasis, fibrosis, and regenerationAvailable after publication
Module 29. The kidneys and fluid and electrolyte balance
  1. Lesson 285.The nephron and organization of renal blood flowAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 286.Glomerular filtration and its regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 287.Tubular reabsorption and secretionAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 288.Urine concentration and dilutionAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 289.Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphate metabolismAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 290.Maintenance of acid–base balanceAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 291.Renin, erythropoietin, and renal vitamin D metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 292.Renal excretion of drugs and endogenous metabolitesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 293.Acute kidney injury and chronic functional impairmentAvailable after publication
Module 30. Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology
  1. Lesson 294.Electrical and mechanical activity of the heartAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 295.Hemodynamics, vascular resistance, and blood pressureAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 296.Microcirculation and transport between blood and tissuesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 297.Ventilation, diffusion, and ventilation–perfusion relationshipsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 298.Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 299.Respiratory regulation of acid–base balanceAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 300.Hypoxia, ischemia, and reperfusionAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 301.Edema, impaired perfusion, and systemic circulatory failureAvailable after publication
Module 31. Neurophysiology and signal integration
  1. Lesson 302.Excitability, action potentials, and impulse conductionAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 303.Chemical and electrical synapsesAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 304.Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and receptor typesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 305.Neuroglia and metabolic support of neuronsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 306.The blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriersAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 307.The autonomic nervous system and regulation of internal organsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 308.Sensory, motor, and neuroendocrine systemsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 309.Sleep, wakefulness, and circadian organizationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 310.Stress, adaptation, and neuroimmune interactionsAvailable after publication
Module 32. Endocrine physiology
  1. Lesson 311.Hormone classes and principles of hormonal regulationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 312.Hormone secretion, transport, metabolism, and clearanceAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 313.Membrane and intracellular hormone receptorsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 314.Feedback, pulsatile secretion, and daily rhythmsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 315.Hypothalamic–pituitary axesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 316.The thyroid gland and thyroid regulationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 317.The adrenal cortex and medullaAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 318.The endocrine pancreas and the incretin systemAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 319.The parathyroid glands and calcium–phosphate homeostasisAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 320.Reproductive endocrinology and pregnancy hormonesAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 321.Adipose tissue and the intestine as endocrine organsAvailable after publication
Module 33. Innate immunity
  1. Lesson 322.Barrier tissues and local defenseAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 323.Recognition of damage-associated and microbial patternsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 324.Phagocytes, granulocytes, and natural killer cellsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 325.Complement and its major activation pathwaysAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 326.Cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral interferonsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 327.Inflammatory complexes and cellular responses to injuryAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 328.Antigen presentation and links to adaptive immunityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 329.Resolution of inflammation and tissue repairAvailable after publication
Module 34. Adaptive immunity
  1. Lesson 330.T- and B-lymphocyte maturationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 331.Antigen receptors and their diversityAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 332.The major histocompatibility complex and antigen presentationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 333.Cellular immune responses and T-cell subsetsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 334.Humoral responses and plasma cellsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 335.Immunoglobulin classes, affinity, and avidityAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 336.Immunological memory and vaccine responsesAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 337.Tolerance, autoimmunity, and hypersensitivity mechanismsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 338.Mechanisms of primary and secondary immunodeficienciesAvailable after publication
Module 35. General mechanisms of pathological processes
  1. Lesson 339.Reversible and irreversible cell injuryAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 340.Necrosis, apoptosis, and regulated forms of cell deathAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 341.Acute and chronic inflammationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 342.Fever and the acute-phase responseAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 343.Regeneration, fibrosis, and pathological remodelingAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 344.Thrombosis, bleeding, and microcirculatory disturbancesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 345.Tumor growth, invasion, and metastasisAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 346.The tumor microenvironment and immune surveillanceAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 347.Multimorbidity and interactions between pathological processesAvailable after publication
Section 3. Bioenergetics and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Module 36. Bioenergetics and cellular energy balance
  1. Lesson 348.Metabolism, basal metabolism, and energy expenditure: distinguishing the conceptsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 349.Anabolism, catabolism, and energy couplingAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 350.ATP, ADP, AMP, and cellular energy chargeAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 351.Substrate-level phosphorylationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 352.Redox potentials and electron transferAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 353.NADH, NADPH, and reducing equivalentsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 354.The electron transport chain and respiratory complexes I–IVAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 355.Ubiquinone, cytochrome c, and organization of respiratory supercomplexesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 356.The proton gradient and ATP synthaseAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 357.Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory controlAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 358.Respiratory uncoupling and heat productionAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 359.Free energy, equilibrium, and reaction directionality in vivoAvailable after publication
Module 37. Mitochondria and compartmentalization of energy metabolism
  1. Lesson 360.Mitochondrial membranes, cristae, and matrixAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 361.Transport of pyruvate, adenine nucleotides, and phosphateAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 362.Transport of citrate, dicarboxylates, and amino acidsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 363.The malate–aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttlesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 364.Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear–mitochondrial coordinationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 365.Heteroplasmy and tissue heterogeneity in mitochondrial processesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 366.Fusion, fission, and mitochondrial dynamicsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 367.Mitophagy and mitochondrial quality controlAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 368.Mitochondrial biogenesis and regulation of respiratory capacityAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 369.Mitochondrial contacts with other organellesAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 370.Inherited and acquired disorders of cellular respirationAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 371.Methods for investigating mitochondrial function and limitations of indirect indicatorsAvailable after publication
Module 38. Glucose transport and glycolysis
  1. Lesson 372.Intestinal glucose absorption and SGLT transportersAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 373.GLUT transporters and tissue distribution of glucoseAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 374.Hexokinases, glucokinase, and metabolic trapping of glucoseAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 375.The preparatory and energy-yielding phases of glycolysisAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 376.Phosphofructokinase and regulation of glycolytic fluxAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 377.Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and coordination of carbohydrate metabolismAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 378.NADH production and NAD⁺ regenerationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 379.Pyruvate kinase and tissue-specific features of glycolysisAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 380.Erythrocyte glycolysis and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerateAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 381.Glycolysis under changing oxygen availabilityAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 382.Inherited disorders of glycolytic enzymesAvailable after publication
Module 39. Glycogen, gluconeogenesis, and maintenance of blood glucose
  1. Lesson 383.Glycogen structure and cellular organizationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 384.Glycogen synthesis and branch formationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 385.Glycogenolysis and removal of branch pointsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 386.Hormonal regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 387.Liver and muscle glycogenAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 388.Gluconeogenic substratesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 389.Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinaseAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 390.Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphataseAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 391.Hepatic and renal gluconeogenesisAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 392.The energy cost and regulation of gluconeogenesisAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 393.Glycogen storage diseases and inherited disorders of blood glucose maintenanceAvailable after publication
Module 40. Alternative pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and glycoconjugates
  1. Lesson 394.The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathwayAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 395.Nonoxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathwayAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 396.Ribose 5-phosphate, NADPH, and links to nucleotide metabolismAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 397.Fructose metabolism and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 398.Galactose metabolism and galactosemiasAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 399.Metabolism of mannose and other monosaccharidesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 400.The polyol pathway and sorbitol metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 401.The uronic acid pathway and glucuronic acidAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 402.The hexosamine pathway and UDP-N-acetylglucosamineAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 403.Glycoconjugate biosynthesis and glycosylationAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 404.Nonenzymatic glycation and advanced glycation end productsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 405.Inherited glycosylation disorders: metabolic foundationsAvailable after publication
Module 41. Pyruvate, lactate, and intertissue carbon transfer
  1. Lesson 406.Metabolic routes of pyruvate conversionAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 407.The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its cofactorsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 408.Phosphorylation and regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 409.Pyruvate carboxylase and anaplerotic reactionsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 410.Alanine and the glucose–alanine cycleAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 411.Lactate dehydrogenase and regeneration of oxidized coenzymesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 412.L-Lactate, D-lactate, and differences in their originsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 413.The Cori cycle and interorgan lactate exchangeAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 414.Lactate transporters and tissue utilization of lactateAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 415.Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosisAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 416.Inherited disorders of pyruvate and lactate metabolismAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 417.The lactate/pyruvate ratio: preanalytical factors, measurement conditions, and limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 42. The Krebs cycle: citrate, isocitrate, and α-ketoglutarate
  1. Lesson 418.Organization, regulation, and reaction balance of the tricarboxylic acid cycleAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 419.Acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, and citrate formationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 420.cis-Aconitate, aconitase, and isocitrateAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 421.Isocitrate dehydrogenases and α-ketoglutarate formationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 422.Citrate transport and links to fatty acid synthesisAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 423.Citrate and regulation of carbohydrate metabolismAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 424.α-Ketoglutarate and links to amino acid and nitrogen metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 425.The α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 426.α-Ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and their cosubstratesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 427.Links between α-ketoglutarate, collagen, and epigenetic regulationAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 428.α-Ketoglutarate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, and the context of tumor metabolismAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 429.Changes in metabolite concentration and changes in TCA cycle fluxAvailable after publication
Module 43. The Krebs cycle: succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, and malate
  1. Lesson 430.Succinyl-CoA and links to heme and amino acid metabolismAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 431.Succinyl-CoA synthetase and substrate-level phosphorylationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 432.Succinate of endogenous and exogenous originAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 433.Succinate dehydrogenase and respiratory chain complex IIAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 434.SUCNR1 and the intracellular and extracellular effects of succinateAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 435.Succinate in inflammation and tumor processesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 436.Fumarate, fumarate hydratase, and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 437.Links between fumarate, the urea cycle, the purine nucleotide cycle, and aromatic compound metabolismAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 438.Malate, oxaloacetate, and links to gluconeogenesisAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 439.Malate dehydrogenases, malic enzymes, and inherited disordersAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 440.Anaplerosis, cataplerosis, and maintenance of metabolite poolsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 441.Exogenous succinate and research into therapeutic applicationsAvailable after publication
Module 44. Fatty acids, lipogenesis, and triacylglycerol stores
  1. Lesson 442.Lipid classification and energy, structural, and signaling functionsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 443.Fatty acid nomenclature and double-bond isomerismAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 444.Sources of acetyl-CoA and NADPH for lipogenesisAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 445.Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malonyl-CoA formationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 446.Fatty acid synthase and carbon chain assemblyAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 447.Fatty acid elongation and desaturationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 448.Essential fatty acids and their conversionsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 449.Triacylglycerol synthesis and sources of glycerol 3-phosphateAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 450.Lipid droplets and intracellular fat storageAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 451.Hormonal and dietary regulation of lipogenesisAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 452.Tissue-specific features of lipid synthesisAvailable after publication
Module 45. Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation
  1. Lesson 453.Fat mobilization and lipolytic enzymesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 454.Hormonal regulation of lipolysisAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 455.Transport of nonesterified fatty acids and binding to albuminAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 456.Fatty acid activation and acyl-CoAAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 457.Reactions of mitochondrial β-oxidationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 458.The energy balance of fatty acid oxidationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 459.Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acidsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 460.Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acidsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 461.Peroxisomal β-oxidationAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 462.α-Oxidation and branched-chain fatty acid metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 463.ω-Oxidation and dicarboxylic acid formationAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 464.Inherited disorders of fatty acid oxidationAvailable after publication
Module 46. Carnitine, ketogenesis, and ketolysis
  1. Lesson 465.Dietary sources and endogenous synthesis of carnitineAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 466.Carnitine transport and renal reabsorptionAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 467.Carnitine acyltransferases and mitochondrial fatty acid transportAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 468.Free carnitine, acylcarnitines, and acyl group bufferingAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 469.Primary carnitine deficiency and carnitine transport disordersAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 470.Hepatic ketogenesisAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 471.Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoneAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 472.Ketolysis and tissue utilization of ketone bodiesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 473.Hormonal regulation of ketone body formationAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 474.Physiological ketosis, ketoacidosis, and hypoketotic hypoglycemiaAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 475.Inherited disorders of ketogenesis and ketolysisAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 476.Links between ketone metabolism and acylcarnitine and organic acid profilesAvailable after publication
Module 47. Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and membrane metabolism
  1. Lesson 477.Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamineAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 478.Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositolAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 479.Cardiolipin and mitochondrial membranesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 480.Phospholipid remodeling and the Lands cycleAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 481.Phospholipases and lipid mediator formationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 482.Diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and phosphoinositidesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 483.Ceramide synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 484.Sphingomyelin, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and glycosphingolipidsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 485.Ether lipids and plasmalogensAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 486.Lysosomal disorders of complex lipid degradationAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 487.Membrane asymmetry, lipid domains, and interorganelle lipid transportAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 488.Structural changes in membranes and cellular functionsAvailable after publication
Module 48. Bioactive lipids and regulation of inflammatory processes
  1. Lesson 489.Arachidonic acid and its release from membranesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 490.Cyclooxygenase pathwaysAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 491.Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 492.Lipoxygenase pathways and leukotrienesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 493.Lipoxins and specialized pro-resolving mediatorsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 494.EPA, DHA, and formation of lipid derivativesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 495.Endocannabinoids and their metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 496.Oxylipins and nonenzymatic lipid oxidationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 497.Bioactive lipid receptorsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 498.Cell and tissue specificity of lipid signalsAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 499.Mechanistic effects and clinical validation of lipid biomarkersAvailable after publication
Module 49. Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism
  1. Lesson 500.Cholesterol synthesis and the mevalonate pathwayAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 501.SREBP and regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasisAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 502.Cholesterol esterification and intracellular storageAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 503.Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDLAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 504.Apolipoproteins B48 and B100 and lipoprotein assemblyAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 505.Lipoprotein lipase and metabolism of triglyceride-rich particlesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 506.LDLR, PCSK9, and receptor-mediated lipoprotein uptakeAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 507.ABCA1, ABCG1, LCAT, CETP, and reverse cholesterol transportAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 508.Lysosomal cholesterol transport and NPC1/NPC2Available after publication
  10. Lesson 509.Lipoprotein(a) and distinctive features of its metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 510.Inherited hyperlipidemias and hypolipidemiasAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 511.Links between lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis, and inflammationAvailable after publication
Module 50. Bile acids and enterohepatic signaling
  1. Lesson 512.Classical and alternative pathways of bile acid synthesisAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 513.Primary bile acidsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 514.Conjugation with glycine and taurineAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 515.Bile transporters and enterohepatic circulationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 516.Deconjugation and microbial transformationsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 517.Secondary bile acidsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 518.FXR and TGR5Available after publication
  8. Lesson 519.Intestinal–hepatic regulation of bile acid synthesisAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 520.Bile acids, fat absorption, and cholesterol metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 521.Cholestasis and impaired bile acid transportAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 522.Inherited defects of bile acid synthesisAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 523.Interactions of bile acids with endocrine and metabolic processesAvailable after publication
Module 51. Molecular biochemistry of steroid hormones
  1. Lesson 524.Cholesterol delivery to mitochondria and initiation of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 525.Pregnenolone and progesterone as intermediatesAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 526.Corticosteroid branches of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 527.Androgen pathways and tissue-specific features of synthesisAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 528.Aromatization and estrogen formationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 529.5α-Reductases and local androgen conversionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 530.Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and local hormone activationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 531.Steroid sulfation, desulfation, and glucuronidationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 532.Hydroxylated and methoxylated estrogen metabolitesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 533.Hepatic and extrahepatic steroid hormone metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 534.Binding proteins and steroid distributionAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 535.Nuclear and membrane effects of steroid hormonesAvailable after publication
  13. Lesson 536.Inherited disorders of steroidogenesisAvailable after publication
Module 52. Signaling regulation of metabolism and nutrient availability
  1. Lesson 537.Insulin signaling: the receptor, PI3K–AKT, and metabolic effectsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 538.Glucagon, catecholamines, and cAMP-dependent regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 539.AMPK and cellular energy statusAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 540.mTORC1, mTORC2, and amino acid availabilityAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 541.FOXO, SREBP, and ChREBPAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 542.PPAR and regulation of lipid metabolismAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 543.PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesisAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 544.Sirtuins and NAD-dependent regulationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 545.Leptin, adiponectin, and other adipose tissue signalsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 546.Incretins and intestinal–pancreatic regulationAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 547.Circadian clocks and metabolic cyclesAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 548.Feedback loops and adaptive metabolic reprogrammingAvailable after publication
Module 53. Interorgan integration and physiological adaptation of metabolism
  1. Lesson 549.Metabolic specialization of the liver, muscles, brain, adipose tissue, and kidneysAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 550.Interorgan transfer of carbon, nitrogen, and reducing equivalentsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 551.The fed state and distribution of dietary substratesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 552.Short-term fasting and maintenance of energy supplyAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 553.Prolonged dietary restriction and switching of energy substratesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 554.Metabolic flexibilityAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 555.White, brown, and beige adipose tissueAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 556.Thermogenesis and energy expenditureAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 557.Metabolic adaptation to exerciseAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 558.Growth, pregnancy, lactation, and age-related changes in metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 559.Refeeding and metabolic restructuringAvailable after publication
Section 4. Amino acids, specialized metabolism, micronutrients, and redox biochemistry
Module 54. Protein turnover and amino acid pools
  1. Lesson 560.Protein synthesis, maturation, and degradationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 561.Protein turnover and protein molecule lifetimesAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 562.The ubiquitin–proteasome system in protein metabolismAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 563.Lysosomal proteolysis and autophagyAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 564.Essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential amino acidsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 565.Intestinal, cellular, and interorgan amino acid transportAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 566.Free amino acid pools and tissue specificityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 567.Nitrogen balance and adaptation to protein intakeAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 568.Postprandial protein metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 569.Muscle proteolysis, recovery, and catabolic statesAvailable after publication
Module 55. General reactions of amino acid metabolism
  1. Lesson 570.Transamination and pyridoxal phosphateAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 571.Oxidative and nonoxidative deaminationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 572.Amino acid decarboxylationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 573.Glutamate and glutamate dehydrogenaseAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 574.Glutamine, glutamine synthetase, and glutaminasesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 575.Aspartate, asparagine, and amino group transferAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 576.Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acidsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 577.Links between amino acid carbon skeletons and the TCA cycleAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 578.Utilization of amino acids in the synthesis of nonprotein compoundsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 579.Tissue-specific features of amino acid utilizationAvailable after publication
Module 56. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
  1. Lesson 580.Valine, leucine, and isoleucine: structure, sources, and transportAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 581.Tissue distribution of BCAA catabolismAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 582.Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferasesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 583.The branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex and its regulationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 584.Valine catabolism and methylmalonate semialdehyde formationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 585.Leucine catabolismAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 586.Isoleucine catabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 587.Maple syrup urine diseaseAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 588.Isovaleric acidemia and other disorders of leucine metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 589.Disorders of intermediate steps in valine and isoleucine metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 590.Propionic and methylmalonic acidemias: links to BCAA catabolismAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 591.BCAAs, muscle metabolism, and signaling regulationAvailable after publication
Module 57. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and pterin metabolism
  1. Lesson 592.Phenylalanine and tyrosine transportAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 593.Phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine formationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 594.Tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis, regeneration, and functionsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 595.Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemiasAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 596.Disorders of BH₄ synthesis and regenerationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 597.Tyrosine catabolism and formation of fumarate and acetoacetateAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 598.Tyrosinemia types I, II, and IIIAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 599.Homogentisic acid and alkaptonuriaAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 600.Melanogenesis and disorders of pigment formationAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 601.Links between tyrosine and catecholamine and thyroid hormone synthesisAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 602.Pterin profiles and metabolic patterns of disordersAvailable after publication
Module 58. Tryptophan and the kynurenine pathway
  1. Lesson 603.Tryptophan transport and competition among large neutral amino acidsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 604.Free and bound tryptophanAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 605.Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenasesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 606.Kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenineAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 607.Kynurenic acidAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 608.Quinolinic acidAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 609.Picolinic acidAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 610.Xanthurenic acidAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 611.NAD⁺ formation from tryptophanAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 612.Cofactors and regulation of kynurenine pathway enzymesAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 613.Inflammation and rerouting of tryptophan metabolismAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 614.Peripheral and central kynureninesAvailable after publication
Module 59. Biochemistry of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
  1. Lesson 615.Neurotransmitter synthesis, vesicular transport, release, and reuptakeAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 616.Dopamine and its metabolic pathwaysAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 617.Norepinephrine and epinephrineAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 618.Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acidAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 619.Melatonin and circadian regulation of its productionAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 620.The glutamate–glutamine cycle and the GABA shuntAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 621.Glycine and D-serine in neurotransmitter systemsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 622.Acetylcholine and cholinergic metabolismAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 623.Histamine and histamine metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 624.Purinergic transmission: ATP and adenosineAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 625.Monoamine oxidases and COMTAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 626.Neurons, astrocytes, and metabolic interactions between brain cellsAvailable after publication
  13. Lesson 627.Inherited disorders of neurotransmitter synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
  14. Lesson 628.Peripheral and central sources of neurotransmitters and the blood–brain barrierAvailable after publication
Module 60. Ammonia, nitrogen transport, and the urea cycle
  1. Lesson 629.Endogenous and intestinal sources of ammoniaAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 630.Nitrogen transport between organsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 631.Glutamine and alanine as nitrogen carriersAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 632.Mitochondrial and cytosolic reactions of the urea cycleAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 633.N-Acetylglutamate and regulation of ureagenesisAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 634.Arginine, ornithine, citrulline, and argininosuccinateAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 635.Links between the urea cycle, the TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 636.Inherited urea cycle disordersAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 637.Hepatic and extrahepatic causes of hyperammonemiaAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 638.Renal ammoniagenesis and acid–base balanceAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 639.Ammonia preanalytics and confirmation of unexpected resultsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 640.Diagnostic patterns, critical results, and principles of specialist careAvailable after publication
Module 61. Serine, glycine, threonine, choline, and related metabolites
  1. Lesson 641.Serine synthesis from glycolytic intermediatesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 642.L-Serine, D-serine, and serine racemaseAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 643.Interconversion of serine and glycineAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 644.The glycine cleavage systemAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 645.Threonine catabolismAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 646.Sarcosine and its metabolic connectionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 647.Choline, betaine, and dimethylglycineAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 648.Ethanolamine and links to phospholipid metabolismAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 649.Inherited disorders of serine and glycine metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 650.Links between serine and glycine metabolism and lipid and nucleotide synthesisAvailable after publication
Module 62. One-carbon metabolism and biochemical methylation
  1. Lesson 651.One-carbon units and their carriersAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 652.The folate cycle and tetrahydrofolate formsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 653.Compartmentalization of one-carbon metabolismAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 654.The methionine cycleAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 655.S-Adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteineAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 656.Homocysteine remethylationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 657.Cobalamin-dependent reactions and intracellular vitamin B12 processingAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 658.Methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and small moleculesAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 659.Links between one-carbon metabolism and nucleotide synthesisAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 660.The folate trap and functional metabolic disturbancesAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 661.Inherited remethylation disordersAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 662.Metabolic relationships and limitations of generalized methylation assessmentsAvailable after publication
Module 63. Sulfur-containing amino acids and sulfur metabolism
  1. Lesson 663.Methionine, cysteine, and cystineAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 664.Transsulfuration and its regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 665.Cystathionine and related enzymatic reactionsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 666.Glutathione synthesis and intercellular exchangeAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 667.Taurine: synthesis, transport, and functionsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 668.Sulfite, sulfate, and sulfation reactionsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 669.Hydrogen sulfide: biosynthesis, oxidation, and signaling functionsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 670.Sulfite oxidase and the molybdenum cofactorAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 671.Inherited disorders of sulfur-containing compound metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 672.Links between sulfur metabolism, redox homeostasis, and biotransformationAvailable after publication
Module 64. Arginine, nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine
  1. Lesson 673.Arginine, citrulline, and ornithine outside the urea cycleAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 674.Nitric oxide synthases, nitric oxide production, and enzyme couplingAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 675.Nitric oxide, soluble guanylate cyclase, and cGMPAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 676.Arginases and competition between arginine metabolic pathwaysAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 677.Polyamine formation and metabolismAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 678.Putrescine, spermidine, and spermineAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 679.Guanidinoacetate and creatine synthesisAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 680.Creatine transportAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 681.Creatine kinase and the phosphocreatine systemAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 682.Creatinine formation and links to muscle metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 683.Inherited disorders of creatine synthesis and transportAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 684.Dietary sources and laboratory indicators of creatine metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 65. Glyoxylate, oxalate, and the metabolic basis of nephrolithiasis
  1. Lesson 685.Sources of glyoxylateAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 686.Glyoxylate, glycolate, glycine, and oxalateAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 687.The contribution of hydroxyproline to glyoxylate formationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 688.Primary hyperoxaluriasAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 689.Dietary oxalates and intestinal absorptionAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 690.Calcium, fat malabsorption, and enteric hyperoxaluriaAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 691.Microbial oxalate metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 692.Renal excretion and systemic accumulation of oxalateAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 693.Oxalate, citrate, calcium, uric acid, and conditions for crystal formationAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 694.The biochemical basis of metabolic evaluation in stone formationAvailable after publication
Module 66. Purine nucleotides and uric acid
  1. Lesson 695.De novo purine synthesisAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 696.PRPP and regulation of purine nucleotide formationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 697.Purine salvage pathwaysAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 698.Interconversion of IMP, AMP, and GMPAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 699.The purine nucleotide cycleAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 700.Adenosine and extracellular purinergic signalingAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 701.Purine degradation and uric acid formationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 702.Urate transport and renal and intestinal excretionAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 703.Inherited disorders of purine metabolismAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 704.Hyperuricemia, urate stone formation, and tumor lysis syndromeAvailable after publication
Module 67. Pyrimidine nucleotides
  1. Lesson 705.De novo pyrimidine synthesisAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 706.Carbamoyl phosphate: distinguishing cytosolic and mitochondrial pathwaysAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 707.Orotic acid and UMP formationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 708.Synthesis of CTP and deoxyribonucleotidesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 709.Ribonucleotide reductase and deoxyribonucleotide balanceAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 710.Thymidylate synthase and links to the folate cycleAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 711.Pyrimidine salvage pathwaysAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 712.Uracil and thymine catabolismAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 713.β-Alanine and β-aminoisobutyrateAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 714.Inherited disorders of pyrimidine synthesis and degradationAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 715.The biochemical basis of antimetabolite actionAvailable after publication
Module 68. Heme, porphyrins, and bilirubin metabolism
  1. Lesson 716.Heme synthesis and its cellular localizationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 717.Regulation of heme synthesis in the liver and erythroid cellsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 718.Porphyrins and their precursorsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 719.Iron incorporation into hemeAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 720.Hemoproteins and allocation of heme among cellular processesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 721.Porphyrias: biochemical classificationAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 722.Diagnostic porphyrin profiles in blood, urine, and fecesAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 723.Heme oxygenase and heme degradationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 724.Bilirubin: transport, conjugation, and excretionAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 725.Inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolismAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 726.Toxicants and drug effects on heme metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 69. Collagen and extracellular matrix metabolism
  1. Lesson 727.Collagen types and extracellular matrix organizationAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 728.Lysine, proline, hydroxylysine, and hydroxyprolineAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 729.Procollagen synthesis and intracellular processingAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 730.Proline and lysine hydroxylationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 731.Cosubstrates, metals, and vitamin cofactors in hydroxylationAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 732.Glycosylation and assembly of the collagen triple helixAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 733.Collagen secretion, maturation, and cross-linkingAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 734.Elastin, proteoglycans, and interactions among matrix componentsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 735.Collagen degradation and matrix metalloproteinasesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 736.Inherited and acquired connective tissue disordersAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 737.Markers of bone and connective tissue remodelingAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 738.Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine: dietary sources and interpretive limitationsAvailable after publication
Module 70. Histidine, β-alanine, and biologically active dipeptides
  1. Lesson 739.Histidine catabolismAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 740.Formiminoglutamate and links to folate metabolismAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 741.Sources and conversions of β-alanineAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 742.Carnosine synthesis and breakdownAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 743.Anserine and other histidine-containing dipeptidesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 744.Buffering, binding, and redox properties of carnosineAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 745.1-Methylhistidine: dietary origin and metabolismAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 746.3-Methylhistidine: muscle metabolism and laboratory limitationsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 747.Inherited disorders of histidine and related metabolite metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 71. Water-soluble vitamins and coenzyme systems
  1. Lesson 748.Thiamine and thiamine diphosphateAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 749.Riboflavin, FMN, and FADAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 750.Niacin, NAD⁺, and NADP⁺Available after publication
  4. Lesson 751.Pantothenate and coenzyme AAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 752.Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxal phosphateAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 753.Biotin and biotin-dependent carboxylasesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 754.Folates and one-carbon carriersAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 755.Cobalamin and its coenzyme formsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 756.Ascorbate and ascorbate-dependent processesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 757.Vitamin transport, cellular activation, and regenerationAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 758.Stores, excretion, deficiency, and excess of water-soluble vitaminsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 759.Inherited disorders of vitamin and cofactor metabolismAvailable after publication
Module 72. Fat-soluble vitamins and molecular regulation
  1. Lesson 760.Retinoids and the visual cycleAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 761.Retinoic acid and transcriptional regulationAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 762.Vitamin D synthesis, activation, and inactivationAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 763.The vitamin D receptor and tissue effectsAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 764.Tocopherols and tocotrienolsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 765.Vitamin E and membrane redox homeostasisAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 766.Vitamin K and protein γ-carboxylationAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 767.Transport and cellular distribution of fat-soluble vitaminsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 768.Fat malabsorption and vitamin disturbancesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 769.Accumulation, excess, and toxicity of fat-soluble vitaminsAvailable after publication
Module 73. Mineral metabolism and trace element biochemistry
  1. Lesson 770.Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and mineral pools in the bodyAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 771.Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and FGF23Available after publication
  3. Lesson 772.Bone mineralization and mineral exchange between tissuesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 773.Iron: transport, storage, and hepcidin–ferroportin regulationAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 774.Copper biochemistry and ceruloplasmin functionsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 775.Zinc and metal-binding proteinsAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 776.Selenium and selenoproteinsAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 777.Iodine and thyroid hormone biochemistryAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 778.Manganese, molybdenum, and other enzymatic trace elementsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 779.Bioavailability and interactions of mineralsAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 780.Trace element deficiency, excess, and redistribution in diseaseAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 781.Indicators of intake, nutritional status, and functional statusAvailable after publication
Module 74. Redox homeostasis and redox signaling
  1. Lesson 782.Reactive oxygen and nitrogen speciesAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 783.Mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial sources of oxidizing equivalentsAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 784.NADPH oxidasesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 785.The glutathione redox systemAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 786.Thioredoxin, peroxiredoxins, and reduction of protein thiolsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 787.Superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione peroxidasesAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 788.NADPH and cellular reducing capacityAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 789.Redox compartmentalizationAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 790.NRF2 and regulation of cellular responsesAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 791.Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acidsAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 792.Malondialdehyde, isoprostanes, and analytical limitationsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 793.Carbonyl stress, methylglyoxal, and the glyoxalase systemAvailable after publication
  13. Lesson 794.Ferroptosis, iron, and phospholipid peroxidationAvailable after publication
  14. Lesson 795.Reductive stress and disruption of redox balanceAvailable after publication
Module 75. Xenobiotic biotransformation
  1. Lesson 796.Xenobiotic functionalization, conjugation, and transportAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 797.Cytochromes P450Available after publication
  3. Lesson 798.UDP-glucuronosyltransferasesAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 799.SulfotransferasesAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 800.Glutathione S-transferasesAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 801.Acetylation and other conjugation pathwaysAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 802.Xenobiotic transportersAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 803.Hepatic and extrahepatic transformationsAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 804.Reactive metabolite formationAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 805.DNA and protein adductsAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 806.Ethanol metabolism, acetaldehyde, and redox shiftsAvailable after publication
  12. Lesson 807.Drug–food and drug–drug interactions at the enzyme levelAvailable after publication
Module 76. Biochemical toxicology and the exposome
  1. Lesson 808.Metals, metalloids, and metal-binding proteinsAvailable after publication
  2. Lesson 809.Biochemical targets of metal toxicityAvailable after publication
  3. Lesson 810.Bisphenols, phthalates, triclosan, and other exogenous compoundsAvailable after publication
  4. Lesson 811.Endocrine-active substances and their mechanisms of actionAvailable after publication
  5. Lesson 812.External exposure, internal dose, and biological effectsAvailable after publication
  6. Lesson 813.Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and toxicant excretionAvailable after publication
  7. Lesson 814.Biomonitoring matrices and sample collection timingAvailable after publication
  8. Lesson 815.Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibilityAvailable after publication
  9. Lesson 816.The exposome and combined effects of environmental factorsAvailable after publication
  10. Lesson 817.Analytical and clinical limitations of commercial toxicant panelsAvailable after publication
  11. Lesson 818.Biotransformation and limitations of generalized assessments of “detoxification capacity”Available after publication
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